PART I · SHORT RESPONSE第一部分 · 短答题AP-style MCQ + ON/BC short answer · 22 marksAP 风格选择题 + 安/卑省考短答 · 共 22 分
Section A · Short ResponseA 部分 · 短答题
Mix of multiple-choice and short-answer items. For MCQs, circle the letter and write a brief justification. For short-answer items, use complete sentences where indicated. No calculator required for Part I.本节包含选择题与短答题。选择题请圈出字母并写出简要理由。短答题在有要求时须写完整句子。第一部分无需使用计算器。
A person stands outside on a cold winter day. Describe two physiological responses that help maintain core body temperature, and identify whether each is a mechanism for reducing heat loss or generating additional heat.一个人站在寒冷的冬日室外。描述两种帮助维持核心体温的生理反应，并说明每种反应是减少热量散失还是产生额外热量的机制。
After a large meal, blood glucose concentration rises. Which response correctly describes the pancreatic response and its effect?大量进食后，血糖浓度升高。以下哪项正确描述了胰腺的反应及其效果？
(A)Alpha cells secrete glucagon, stimulating glycogen breakdown in the liver胰岛 alpha 细胞分泌胰高血糖素，刺激肝脏糖原分解
(B)Beta cells secrete insulin, stimulating glucose uptake by cells and glycogen synthesis in the liver胰岛 beta 细胞分泌胰岛素，刺激细胞摄取葡萄糖并在肝脏中合成糖原
(C)Beta cells secrete glucagon, stimulating glycogen synthesis in the liver胰岛 beta 细胞分泌胰高血糖素，刺激肝脏糖原合成
(D)Alpha cells secrete insulin, stimulating glucose release from the liver胰岛 alpha 细胞分泌胰岛素，刺激肝脏释放葡萄糖
A person drinks a large volume of water rapidly, causing blood osmolarity to decrease below the set point.一个人快速大量饮水，导致血液渗透压降低至调定点以下。
(a)Identify the receptor that detects this change and state where it is located.识别检测该变化的感受器，并说明其位置。[2]
(b)Describe how ADH secretion changes and explain the consequence for urine production.描述 ADH 分泌量如何变化，并解释对尿液产生的影响。[2]
(c)Explain how this response restores blood osmolarity toward the set point.解释该反应如何将血液渗透压恢复至调定点。[2]
PART II · EXTENDED RESPONSE第二部分 · 简答题AP-feeder FRQ + honors · 32 marksAP 衔接简答题 + 荣誉级 · 共 32 分
Section B · Extended ResponseB 部分 · 简答题
Show your full reasoning. Use precise biological terminology. State the component of the feedback loop (receptor, control centre, effector) where relevant. Use complete sentences throughout Part II.展示完整的推理过程。使用准确的生物学术语。在相关处注明反馈回路的组成部分（感受器、控制中枢、效应器）。第二部分全程使用完整句子作答。
Core body temperature rises above $37\ ^\circ\text{C}$ during vigorous exercise.剧烈运动期间，核心体温升至 $37\ ^\circ\text{C}$ 以上。
(a)Identify the receptor and control centre that detect elevated body temperature and initiate the cooling response.识别检测体温升高并启动降温反应的感受器和控制中枢。[2]
(b)Describe two effector responses that reduce body temperature, and explain the mechanism by which each lowers temperature.描述两种降低体温的效应器反应，并解释每种反应降温的机制。[4]
(c)Explain how the feedback loop is completed once body temperature returns to normal.解释当体温恢复正常后反馈回路如何完成。[2]
Blood glucose regulation is a key example of homeostasis in humans.血糖调节是人体稳态的关键实例。
(a)Describe the response of the pancreas when blood glucose rises above the set point. Name the hormone involved, the cell type that secretes it, and two target effects.描述当血糖超过调定点时胰腺的反应。说明所涉激素、分泌该激素的细胞类型及两种靶效应。[4]
(b)Describe the response of the pancreas when blood glucose falls below the set point. Name the hormone involved and one target effect.描述当血糖低于调定点时胰腺的反应。说明所涉激素及一种靶效应。[2]
(c)A patient with Type 1 diabetes cannot produce insulin. Predict the consequence for blood glucose after a meal and explain why.1 型糖尿病患者无法产生胰岛素。预测餐后血糖的变化并解释原因。[2]
The nervous system and endocrine system both contribute to homeostatic control.神经系统和内分泌系统均参与稳态调控。
(a)Describe the path of a spinal reflex arc from stimulus to response. Name the three types of neurons involved and state the role of each.描述从刺激到反应的脊髓反射弧路径。说明涉及的三类神经元及各自的作用。[3]
(b)Compare nervous and endocrine signalling in terms of speed of response and duration of effect. Give one example of each system acting to maintain homeostasis.从反应速度和效果持续时间两方面比较神经信号传导与内分泌信号传导。各举一个维持稳态的实例。[4]
(c)Identify the gland and hormone responsible for increasing heart rate and alertness during a short-term stress response.识别在短期应激反应中负责提高心率和警觉性的腺体及激素。[1]
Q9HARD难Honors荣誉级🇺🇸 US美AP-feeder FRQAP 衔接简答题§7 Integration of control systems控制系统整合 · HS-LS1-3[8 marks][8 分]
A student encounters a dangerous situation and experiences the "fight-or-flight" response. Both the nervous and endocrine systems respond in a coordinated way.一名学生遭遇危险，经历"战逃反应"。神经系统和内分泌系统以协调的方式共同响应。
(a)Describe the immediate role of the nervous system (within seconds) in this response. Identify the specific pathway involved.描述神经系统在此反应中的即时作用（数秒内）。识别所涉及的具体通路。[2]
(b)Describe the sustained role of the endocrine system (minutes to hours) in this response. Name the two hormones involved, their gland of origin, and one physiological effect of each.描述内分泌系统在此反应中的持续作用（数分钟至数小时）。说明所涉两种激素、各自的分泌腺体及各自的一种生理效应。[4]
(c)Explain why the integration of both systems is more effective for survival than either system acting alone.解释为什么两个系统的整合对生存的效果优于任何一个系统单独作用。[2]
PART III · MODELING / APPLIED第三部分 · 建模与应用AB Diploma + Universal · 28 marks阿省毕业考 + 通用题型 · 共 28 分
Section C · Modeling and ApplicationsC 部分 · 建模与应用
Each question presents a scenario or data. Read carefully, apply homeostasis concepts, and conclude each question with a sentence linking your answer back to the biological principle. Use complete sentences throughout Part III.每道题呈现情境或数据。仔细阅读，运用稳态概念，并用一句话将答案与生物学原理联系起来，作为每题的结语。第三部分全程使用完整句子作答。
A runner completes a marathon on a hot day without drinking enough water, resulting in dehydration and elevated blood osmolarity.一名跑者在炎热天气完成马拉松时饮水不足，导致脱水并血液渗透压升高。
(a)Identify the organ that monitors blood osmolarity and describe how it detects the increase.识别监测血液渗透压的器官，并描述其如何检测渗透压升高。[2]
(b)Describe the hormonal response that follows and explain the specific change it causes in the kidney collecting duct.描述随后的激素反应，并解释其在肾脏集合管中引起的具体变化。[3]
(c)Predict the appearance of the runner's urine during dehydration and explain why, using your knowledge of water reabsorption.根据水重吸收的知识，预测脱水时跑者尿液的外观并解释原因。[2]
(d)Explain how this entire response represents a negative feedback loop. Identify the stimulus, receptor, control centre, effector, and response.解释上述整体反应如何构成一个负反馈回路。识别刺激、感受器、控制中枢、效应器和反应。[2]
Q11MEDIUM中🇨🇦 AB阿AB Diploma-style阿尔伯塔毕业考风格§4 + §6 Blood glucose and endocrine control (applied)血糖与内分泌控制（应用） · Biology 30 30-C1.1k[9 marks][9 分]
A student skips breakfast and then exercises intensely, causing blood glucose to fall well below the normal range of $4.0$-$6.0\ \text{mmol/L}$.一名学生不吃早餐后进行高强度运动，导致血糖远低于正常范围 $4.0$-$6.0\ \text{mmol/L}$。
(a)Describe the pancreatic response to low blood glucose. Name the hormone, the secreting cell type, and the specific process it stimulates in the liver.描述胰腺对低血糖的反应。说明所涉激素、分泌细胞类型及其在肝脏中刺激的具体过程。[3]
(b)During prolonged stress such as intense exercise, the adrenal cortex releases cortisol. Describe one effect of cortisol on blood glucose and explain how this complements the pancreatic response.在剧烈运动等持续应激期间，肾上腺皮质释放皮质醇。描述皮质醇对血糖的一种影响，并解释其如何补充胰腺的反应。[3]
(c)Explain why the body returns blood glucose to the normal range rather than continuing to raise it indefinitely. Name the mechanism responsible.解释为什么机体将血糖恢复至正常范围，而不是持续升高。说明负责该过程的机制。[3]
Q12HARD难🇺🇸 US美AP-feeder FRQAP 衔接简答题§2 + §7 Thermoregulation and system integration (applied)体温调节与系统整合（应用） · HS-LS1-3[10 marks][10 分]
A researcher studies two individuals: Person A (an ectotherm, such as a lizard) and Person B (an endotherm, such as a human). Both are exposed to an environmental temperature of $10\ ^\circ\text{C}$.一名研究者研究两类个体：甲（外温动物，如蜥蜴）和乙（内温动物，如人类）。两者均暴露于 $10\ ^\circ\text{C}$ 的环境温度下。
(a)Predict what will happen to the core body temperature of Person A and of Person B after 30 minutes of exposure. Justify each prediction.预测甲和乙在暴露 30 分钟后各自核心体温的变化，并为每个预测提供依据。[4]
(b)Describe three specific physiological mechanisms that allow Person B to maintain a stable body temperature in the cold. For each mechanism, state whether it reduces heat loss or increases heat production.描述三种使乙在寒冷中维持稳定体温的具体生理机制。对于每种机制，说明其是减少热量散失还是增加产热。[3]
(c)Explain the advantage and the cost (trade-off) of endothermy compared with ectothermy in a cold environment.解释在寒冷环境中，内温性相比外温性的优势和代价（权衡）。[3]
🇺🇸 US NGSS美国 NGSSHS-LS1-3
🇨🇦 Ontario安大略SBI4U Strand C · C1 · C2
🇨🇦 British Columbia不列颠哥伦比亚Biology 12: homeostasis, nervous and endocrine systems生物 12：稳态、神经与内分泌系统
🇨🇦 Alberta阿尔伯塔Biology 30 Unit C · 30-C1.1k · 30-C2.1k
Full Syllabus Map lives in ../Study Guides/Unit_11_Homeostasis.html. All 7 SG sections are covered across the 12 questions below.完整大纲对照表见 ../Study Guides/Unit_11_Homeostasis.html。以下 12 道题涵盖全部 7 个学习指南章节。