PART I · SHORT RESPONSE第一部分 · 短答题AP-style MCQ + ON/BC short answer · 25 marksAP 风格选择题 + 安/卑省考短答 · 共 25 分
Section A · Short ResponseA 部分 · 短答题
Mix of multiple-choice and short-answer items. For MCQs, circle the letter; show enough reasoning in the margin that a marker could verify your thinking. For short-answer items, write in complete sentences where indicated. No calculator required for this section.本节包含选择题与短答题。选择题请圈出字母答案，并在空白处写下足以让阅卷人核对的推理过程。短答题在题目注明时须以完整句子作答。本节无需计算器。
Describe the pathway of oxygen from inhaled air to a red blood cell in the lung capillary, naming each structure the oxygen passes through.描述氧气从吸入空气到达肺毛细血管中红细胞的路径，并命名氧气经过的每个结构。
(a)List the structures in order, starting with the nose/mouth and ending with the alveolus wall.从鼻/口开始，到肺泡壁结束，按顺序列出各结构。[3]
(b)Identify the mechanism that moves oxygen from the alveolus into the blood, and explain why it works in that direction.说明氧气从肺泡进入血液的机制，并解释为何向该方向运动。[2]
Q4MEDIUM中🇨🇦 BC卑🇨🇦 AB阿BC Provincial-style卑诗省考风格§3 Circulatory System循环系统 · SBI3U E3.3 · Bio 20 D GO2[7 marks][7 分]
A student traces the path of a single red blood cell as it travels through the heart and lungs (pulmonary circuit), then through the body (systemic circuit).一名学生追踪一个红细胞穿越心脏和肺（肺循环），再穿越全身（体循环）的路径。
(a)List, in order, the four chambers of the heart that the red blood cell passes through, starting when it arrives from the body carrying carbon dioxide.从携带二氧化碳从全身返回时开始，按顺序列出红细胞经过的心脏四个腔室。[2]
(b)Explain what happens to the red blood cell when it reaches the lungs, including what gas is released and what gas is picked up.解释红细胞到达肺部时发生了什么，包括释放的气体和携带的气体。[2]
(c)Distinguish between arteries and veins: give one structural difference and one functional difference.区分动脉和静脉：给出一个结构差异和一个功能差异。[2]
(d)Name the blood vessel type where gas and nutrient exchange with body cells actually occurs.说明实际与体细胞进行气体和营养物质交换的血管类型。[1]
Q5MEDIUM中🇺🇸 US美🇨🇦 AB阿AB Diploma-style阿尔伯塔毕业考风格§6 Immune System免疫系统 · HS-LS1-3 · Bio 20 D GO2[7 marks][7 分]
The human immune system is described as having three lines of defense against pathogens.人体免疫系统被描述为对抗病原体的三道防线。
(a)Identify the first line of defense and give two examples of structures or secretions that belong to it.说明第一道防线，并举出属于它的两个结构或分泌物的例子。[2]
(b)Describe what happens during the second line of defense when a pathogen breaches the skin barrier. Name the type of white blood cell primarily responsible for engulfing pathogens at this stage.描述病原体突破皮肤屏障后第二道防线发生的情况。说明在此阶段主要负责吞噬病原体的白细胞类型。[3]
(c)Explain how the third line of defense (adaptive immunity) differs from the second line by referring to the concept of specificity.通过特异性的概念，解释第三道防线（适应性免疫）与第二道防线的不同之处。[2]
PART II · EXTENDED RESPONSE第二部分 · 简答题AP-feeder FRQ + honors · 30 marksAP 衔接简答题 + 荣誉级 · 共 30 分
Section B · Extended ResponseB 部分 · 简答题
Show your full reasoning for each part. Where asked to explain, write in complete sentences. Use biological terminology accurately. For structure-function questions, name the structure and state its role.每部分须写出完整推理过程。要求解释时，用完整句子作答。准确使用生物学术语。对于结构-功能题，需命名结构并说明其作用。
A student touches a hot stove and immediately pulls their hand away before they feel pain. This is an example of a reflex arc.一名学生碰到热炉子，在感到疼痛之前立刻缩手。这是反射弧的一个例子。
(a)List the five components of a reflex arc in order, from the initial stimulus to the muscular response.按顺序列出反射弧的五个组成部分，从初始刺激到肌肉反应。[3]
(b)Explain why the student pulls their hand away before consciously feeling pain. In your answer, refer to where the reflex is processed versus where pain is perceived.解释为何学生在有意识地感到疼痛之前就缩手。在回答中，请说明反射在哪里处理，疼痛在哪里感知。[2]
(c)Distinguish between the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system, giving one example of a function controlled by each.区分躯体神经系统和自主神经系统，各举一个受其控制的功能例子。[2]
Q7MEDIUM中🇨🇦 ON安🇨🇦 AB阿ON Provincial-style安大略省考风格§2 Digestive System消化系统 · SBI3U E3.2 · Bio 20 D GO1[8 marks][8 分]
A student eats a sandwich containing bread (starch), chicken (protein), and cheese (fat). Trace what happens to each macromolecule as it travels through the digestive system.一名学生吃了一块含有面包（淀粉）、鸡肉（蛋白质）和奶酪（脂肪）的三明治。追踪每种大分子在消化系统中经历的过程。
(a)Where does starch digestion begin, and what enzyme initiates it? Where is starch digestion completed?淀粉消化在哪里开始，由什么酶启动？淀粉消化在哪里完成？[2]
(b)Describe the role of the stomach in protein digestion, naming the enzyme produced there and the conditions that activate it.描述胃在蛋白质消化中的作用，命名在此产生的酶及激活它的条件。[3]
(c)Explain the role of bile in fat digestion. Identify the organ that produces bile and the organ that stores it.解释胆汁在脂肪消化中的作用。说明产生胆汁的器官和储存胆汁的器官。[3]
Q8MEDIUM中🇨🇦 BC卑🇨🇦 AB阿BC Provincial-style卑诗省考风格§3 Circulatory System循环系统 · SBI3U E3.3 · Bio 20 D GO2[8 marks][8 分]
Blood is composed of plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets, each with distinct functions in maintaining homeostasis.血液由血浆、红细胞、白细胞和血小板组成，每种成分在维持稳态中各有不同功能。
(a)Explain how red blood cells are structurally adapted to carry oxygen efficiently. Refer to at least two structural features.解释红细胞在结构上如何适应高效携带氧气。至少提及两个结构特征。[3]
(b)Describe the role of platelets in the blood clotting response when a blood vessel is injured.描述血管受损时血小板在凝血反应中的作用。[2]
(c)A patient has a lower-than-normal red blood cell count (anemia). Predict and explain two symptoms this patient might experience.一名患者红细胞计数低于正常水平（贫血）。预测并解释该患者可能出现的两种症状。[3]
Q9HARD难Honors荣誉级🇨🇦 BC卑🇨🇦 AB阿AP-feeder FRQAP 衔接简答题§7 Endocrine System内分泌系统 · SBI4U E3.1 · Bio 30 A GO2 (above standard floor)（超出标准基准）[7 marks][7 分]
The endocrine system uses hormones to coordinate body functions through negative feedback loops. Consider blood glucose regulation by insulin and glucagon.内分泌系统通过负反馈回路利用激素协调身体功能。以胰岛素和胰高血糖素调节血糖为例。
(a)Identify the organ that produces both insulin and glucagon, and name the cell types within that organ responsible for each hormone.说明同时产生胰岛素和胰高血糖素的器官，并命名该器官内负责分泌各激素的细胞类型。[2]
(b)Describe the negative feedback loop that returns blood glucose to normal after a meal. Include: the stimulus, which hormone is released, its target organ, and the physiological effect.描述饭后血糖恢复正常的负反馈回路。包括：刺激、释放的激素、靶器官以及生理效应。[3]
(c)Explain how Type 1 diabetes disrupts this negative feedback loop, and identify which part of the loop is broken.解释 1 型糖尿病如何破坏该负反馈回路，并说明回路中哪个环节被破坏。[2]
PART III · MODELING / APPLIED第三部分 · 建模与应用AB Diploma + Universal · 25 marks阿省毕业考 + 通用题型 · 共 25 分
Section C · Modeling and ApplicationsC 部分 · 建模与应用
Read each scenario carefully. Use biological evidence to support your answers. Write in complete sentences for all explanation questions. Conclude scenario-based questions with a statement that answers the biological question posed.仔细阅读每个情景。用生物学证据支持你的答案。所有解释题须用完整句子作答。情景题以回答所提生物学问题的陈述句结尾。
Q10MEDIUM中🇺🇸 US美🇨🇦 AB阿AB Diploma-style阿尔伯塔毕业考风格§6 Immune System免疫系统 · HS-LS1-3 · Bio 20 D GO2[8 marks][8 分]
A student receives a flu vaccine in October. In January, the same student is exposed to the influenza virus but does not develop serious illness. A younger sibling who was not vaccinated contracts the flu with severe symptoms.一名学生在十月接种了流感疫苗。一月份，该学生接触了流感病毒但没有患上严重疾病。未接种疫苗的弟弟/妹妹感染流感后出现严重症状。
(a)Explain how the vaccine prepared the student's immune system for the January exposure. Use the terms antigen, antibody, and memory cells in your response.解释疫苗如何使学生的免疫系统为一月份的接触做好准备。在回答中使用抗原、抗体和记忆细胞这些术语。[4]
(b)Compare the speed and strength of the immune response in the vaccinated student versus the unvaccinated sibling when exposed to the same virus. Explain the biological basis for the difference.比较已接种疫苗的学生与未接种疫苗的弟弟/妹妹在接触相同病毒时，免疫反应的速度和强度。解释差异的生物学基础。[3]
(c)State whether this is an example of innate or adaptive immunity, and justify your answer in one sentence.说明这是先天免疫还是适应性免疫的例子，并用一句话说明理由。[1]
Q11MEDIUM中🇨🇦 ON安🇨🇦 AB阿ON Provincial-style安大略省考风格§5 Nervous System神经系统 · SBI4U E3.1 · Bio 30 A GO1[8 marks][8 分]
A neuron at rest has a resting membrane potential of approximately $-70\ \text{mV}$. When stimulated, an electrical signal (nerve impulse) travels along the neuron.一个处于静息状态的神经元，其静息膜电位约为 $-70\ \text{mV}$。受刺激时，电信号（神经冲动）沿神经元传导。
(a)Explain what creates the resting membrane potential of $-70\ \text{mV}$. In your answer, refer to the distribution of sodium ions ($\text{Na}^+$) and potassium ions ($\text{K}^+$) across the membrane.解释 $-70\ \text{mV}$ 静息膜电位的形成原因。在回答中，请说明钠离子（$\text{Na}^+$）和钾离子（$\text{K}^+$）在膜两侧的分布情况。[3]
(b)Describe the sequence of ion movements during an action potential, from depolarization through repolarization. State which ion channels open first and which open second.描述动作电位期间离子运动的顺序，从去极化到复极化。说明哪种离子通道先开放，哪种后开放。[3]
(c)Identify the function of the myelin sheath, and explain how it increases the speed of nerve impulse conduction.说明髓鞘的功能，并解释它如何提高神经冲动传导速度。[2]
During intense exercise, a student's muscles demand far more oxygen and glucose than at rest, and produce large amounts of carbon dioxide and heat. Multiple organ systems coordinate to maintain homeostasis.在剧烈运动中，学生肌肉对氧气和葡萄糖的需求远高于静息状态，并产生大量二氧化碳和热量。多个器官系统协同维持稳态。
(a)Describe how the respiratory system responds to the increased carbon dioxide level in the blood during exercise. In your answer, explain the feedback mechanism that drives this response.描述呼吸系统如何响应运动时血液中升高的二氧化碳水平。在回答中，解释驱动该反应的反馈机制。[3]
(b)Explain how the circulatory and respiratory systems work together to deliver more oxygen to active muscles during exercise. Refer to changes in heart rate, breathing rate, and blood distribution.解释循环系统和呼吸系统如何协同工作，在运动中向活跃肌肉输送更多氧气。提及心率、呼吸频率和血液分配的变化。[3]
(c)The nervous system coordinates many of the rapid responses during exercise. Identify which branch of the autonomic nervous system is activated during exercise and predict three specific physiological changes it produces beyond increased heart rate.神经系统协调运动中许多快速反应。说明运动时激活的是自主神经系统的哪个分支，并预测它在心率加快之外产生的三项具体生理变化。[3]
🇺🇸 US NGSS美国 NGSSHS-LS1-2 · HS-LS1-3 Systems-model level; no system-by-system PE系统模型层面；无逐系统 PE
🇨🇦 British Columbia不列颠哥伦比亚Life Sciences 11 organ-systems; A&P 12 system depth (Honors)生命科学 11 器官系统；解剖与生理 12 系统深度（荣誉级）
🇨🇦 Alberta阿尔伯塔Biology 20 D GO1 · GO2 · Biology 30 A GO1 · GO2 · B
Full Syllabus Map lives in ../Study Guides/Unit_10_Human_Anatomy_and_Physiology.html. Note: NGSS assesses organ systems at the model level only; named structural details (e.g. heart valves, reflex arcs, named hormones) are provincial requirements.完整大纲对照表见 ../Study Guides/Unit_10_Human_Anatomy_and_Physiology.html。注：NGSS 仅在系统模型层面考查器官系统；命名结构细节（如心脏瓣膜、反射弧、特定激素）属省级要求。