PART I · SHORT RESPONSE第一部分 · 短答题AP-style MCQ + ON/BC short answer · 25 marksAP 风格选择题 + 安/卑省考短答 · 共 25 分
Section A · Short ResponseA 部分 · 短答题
Mix of multiple-choice and short-answer items. For MCQs, circle the letter; for short-answer items, write complete sentences. No calculator needed for Part I.本节包含选择题与短答题。选择题请圈出字母答案；短答题请写完整句子。第一部分无需计算器。
An ecosystem's producers fix $800{,}000$ kJ of energy per year. Applying the 10% energy-transfer rule, how much energy is available to secondary consumers?某生态系统的生产者每年固定 $800{,}000$ kJ 能量。按 10% 能量传递法则，次级消费者可获得多少能量？
The carbon cycle moves carbon through biotic and abiotic components of ecosystems.碳循环使碳在生态系统的生物和非生物组分之间流动。
(a)Name the process by which producers remove $\text{CO}_2$ from the atmosphere and state where it occurs in the cell.写出生产者从大气中移除 $\text{CO}_2$ 的过程名称，并说明该过程发生在细胞的哪个部位。[2]
(b)Name two processes that return carbon to the atmosphere as $\text{CO}_2$.写出两个将碳以 $\text{CO}_2$ 形式释放回大气的过程。[2]
(c)Explain why burning fossil fuels disrupts the natural carbon cycle.解释为什么燃烧化石燃料会扰乱自然碳循环。[2]
A rabbit population in a meadow is studied over several years. Initially the population grows rapidly, then levels off near a stable size of 400 individuals.研究人员多年观测一处草地的兔子种群。起初种群快速增长，之后稳定在约 400 只。
(a)Identify the type of population growth described. Sketch the expected population-size vs. time curve and label the inflection point.判断上述种群增长的类型。画出预期的种群数量随时间变化的曲线，并标出拐点。[3]
(b)State the term for the stable size of 400 individuals and identify two biotic factors that could limit the population at this size.写出"400 只"这一稳定数量的术语，并举出两个可将种群限制在此数量的生物因素。[3]
(c)Distinguish between density-dependent and density-independent limiting factors. Give one example of each.区分密度制约因素和非密度制约因素，各举一例。[3]
PART II · EXTENDED RESPONSE第二部分 · 简答题AP-feeder FRQ + honors · 30 marksAP 衔接简答题 + 荣誉级 · 共 30 分
Section B · Extended ResponseB 部分 · 简答题
Show all reasoning. Use specific biological terminology. Write in complete sentences where asked to "explain" or "describe." Calculator permitted on Q6-Q9.每步推理都要写出。使用准确的生物学术语。凡要求"解释"或"描述"时须写完整句子。Q6-Q9 可用计算器。
Q6EASY易🇺🇸 US美AP-feeder FRQAP 衔接简答题§5 Community interactions群落互作 · HS-LS2-2[6 marks][6 分]
Symbiotic relationships are close, long-term interactions between two species.共生关系是两个物种之间密切的长期互作。
(a)Define mutualism and give one named example, identifying both species and the benefit each gains.定义互利共生，并举一个具体例子，写明两个物种及各自获得的利益。[3]
(b)Compare parasitism and commensalism: for each, state the effect on the host/companion species (benefit, harm, or no effect).比较寄生和片利共生：分别说明对宿主/同伴物种的影响（受益、受害或无影响）。[3]
After a volcanic eruption destroys all life on bare rock, organisms gradually colonize the area over centuries.火山爆发将裸岩上的生命全部摧毁后，生物在数百年间逐渐重新定殖该区域。
(a)Identify the type of succession described above and explain why it differs from secondary succession.判断上述演替类型，并解释其与次生演替的区别。[3]
(b)List the expected sequence of pioneer, intermediate, and climax communities in a temperate region, giving one representative organism for each stage.列出温带地区先锋群落、中间群落和顶极群落的预期演替顺序，每个阶段各举一种代表性生物。[3]
(c)Explain how pioneer species facilitate the arrival of later species.解释先锋物种如何促进后续物种的到来。[2]
Nitrogen is an essential element for all living organisms but most cannot use atmospheric $\text{N}_2$ directly.氮是所有生物必需的元素，但大多数生物不能直接利用大气中的 $\text{N}_2$。
(a)Define nitrogen fixation and name one type of organism that carries out this process.定义氮固定，并写出一种执行该过程的生物类型。[2]
(b)Describe the role of decomposers in the nitrogen cycle. Name the process that converts organic nitrogen in dead matter back to ammonium ($\text{NH}_4^+$).描述分解者在氮循环中的作用。写出将死亡物质中有机氮转化回铵 ($\text{NH}_4^+$) 的过程名称。[3]
(c)Explain how denitrification completes the nitrogen cycle and state the product returned to the atmosphere.解释反硝化作用如何完成氮循环，并写出返回大气的产物。[3]
In a grassland ecosystem, producers capture $5{,}000{,}000$ kJ of solar energy per year. Assume the ecological efficiency between each trophic level is exactly 10%.在某草原生态系统中，生产者每年捕获 $5{,}000{,}000$ kJ 太阳能。假设各营养级之间的生态效率恰好为 10%。
(a)Calculate the energy available at each of the four trophic levels (producers through tertiary consumers). Show your working for each step.计算四个营养级（生产者至三级消费者）各自可获得的能量。每步都要写出计算过程。[4]
(b)Calculate what percentage of the producers' original energy reaches the tertiary consumers.计算生产者原始能量中有多大比例到达三级消费者。[2]
(c)Explain why food chains rarely exceed five trophic levels, using the 10% rule as part of your answer.用 10% 法则解释为什么食物链很少超过五个营养级。[2]
PART III · MODELING / APPLIED第三部分 · 建模与应用AB Diploma + Universal · 26 marks阿省毕业考 + 通用题型 · 共 26 分
Section C · Modeling and ApplicationsC 部分 · 建模与应用
Use biological terminology precisely. Support claims with reasoning. Conclude each question with a complete sentence summarizing your answer. Calculator permitted throughout Part III.精确使用生物学术语。用推理支持论点。每题以一句完整的总结句作结。第三部分全程可用计算器。
Scientists monitor a wolf-moose system in a boreal forest. Over 20 years, the data show classic oscillating cycles: when moose numbers peak, wolf numbers increase shortly after; when wolves peak, moose numbers fall.科学家在北方森林监测一个狼-驼鹿系统。20 年数据显示经典振荡周期：驼鹿数量达峰后不久狼数量增加；狼数量达峰后驼鹿数量下降。
(a)Explain why wolf and moose populations cycle out of phase with each other rather than peaking at the same time.解释为什么狼和驼鹿种群的峰值不同步，而不是同时达到峰值。[3]
(b)Predict what would happen to the moose population if wolves were removed from the ecosystem. Include reference to carrying capacity and vegetation.预测如果狼从生态系统中被移除，驼鹿种群会发生什么变化。请提及承载量和植被。[3]
(c)Classify the wolf-moose relationship and explain one way wolves may also benefit moose populations indirectly over time.判断狼-驼鹿关系的类型，并解释狼在长期内可能间接使驼鹿种群受益的一种方式。[2]
Q11MEDIUM中🇨🇦 BC卑BC Provincial-style卑诗省考风格§7 Human impact and sustainability人类影响与可持续性 · HS-LS2-6[8 marks][8 分]
Eutrophication is a process caused primarily by nutrient runoff from agricultural land into lakes and rivers.富营养化主要由农业用地的营养物质径流进入湖泊和河流引起。
(a)Describe the sequence of events that leads from excess nitrate and phosphate entering a lake to a "dead zone" with very low oxygen levels. Include the role of decomposers in your answer.描述多余硝酸盐和磷酸盐进入湖泊后，直至形成氧含量极低的"死区"的一系列事件。答案中须包含分解者的作用。[4]
(b)Propose two strategies that farmers could adopt to reduce nutrient runoff, and explain the mechanism by which each strategy works.提出农民可采用的两种减少营养物质径流的策略，并解释每种策略的作用机制。[4]
A kelp forest ecosystem contains the following species: sea urchins (herbivores), sea otters (predators of sea urchins), kelp (producer), rockfish (omnivores), and decomposer bacteria. Human hunting nearly eliminated sea otters from this ecosystem.一个海带森林生态系统包含以下物种：海胆（草食动物）、海獭（海胆的天敌）、海带（生产者）、石斑鱼（杂食动物）和分解菌。人类猎杀使海獭几乎从该生态系统中消失。
(a)Construct a food web using all five groups named above. Indicate the direction of energy flow with arrows.用上述五个类群构建一个食物网。用箭头标示能量流动方向。[3]
(b)Predict and explain the cascading effects on kelp abundance when sea otter numbers declined. Use the term "trophic cascade" in your answer.预测并解释海獭数量减少时对海带数量的级联影响。答案中须使用"营养级联"这一术语。[4]
(c)Sea otters are considered a keystone species. Define keystone species and justify this classification for sea otters based on the food web evidence above.海獭被视为关键物种。定义关键物种，并根据上述食物网证据说明为何海獭符合这一定义。[3]
🇺🇸 US NGSS美国 NGSSHS-LS2-1HS-LS2-2HS-LS2-4HS-LS2-6
🇨🇦 Ontario安大略SBI3U Strand E · E1 · E2 · E3
🇨🇦 British Columbia不列颠哥伦比亚Biology 12: ecology, populations, biogeochemical cycles生物 12：生态学、种群、生物地球化学循环
🇨🇦 Alberta阿尔伯塔Biology 30 Unit D · 30-D1 · 30-D2 · 30-D3
Full Syllabus Map in ../Study Guides/Unit_9_Ecology_and_Ecosystems.html. Covers Sections 1-7: ecological organization, energy flow, biogeochemical cycles, population dynamics, community interactions, succession, human impact.完整大纲对照见 ../Study Guides/Unit_9_Ecology_and_Ecosystems.html。涵盖第 1-7 节：生态组织层次、能量流动、生物地球化学循环、种群动态、群落互作、演替、人类影响。