PART I · SHORT RESPONSE第一部分 · 短答题AP-style MCQ + ON/BC short answer · 25 marksAP 风格选择题 + 安/卑省考短答 · 共 25 分
Section A · Short ResponseA 部分 · 短答题
Mix of multiple-choice and short-answer items. For MCQs, circle the letter; for short-answer items, write in complete sentences where indicated. No calculator required.本节包含选择题与短答题。选择题请圈出字母答案；有提示处需用完整句子作答。无需计算器。
A student writes a scientific name as "homo sapiens" in a lab report. Identify TWO errors in the formatting of this scientific name and state the corrected version.一名学生在实验报告中将某学名写作"homo sapiens"。请指出该学名格式中的两处错误，并写出正确形式。
(a)State both formatting errors.写出两处格式错误。[2]
(b)Write the correctly formatted scientific name.写出格式正确的学名。[2]
The domestic dog is classified as follows: Domain Eukarya, Kingdom Animalia, Phylum Chordata, Class Mammalia, Order Carnivora, Family Canidae, Genus Canis, Species Canis lupus familiaris.家犬的分类如下：域 Eukarya（真核生物），界 Animalia（动物界），门 Chordata（脊索动物门），纲 Mammalia（哺乳纲），目 Carnivora（食肉目），科 Canidae（犬科），属 Canis，种 Canis lupus familiaris。
(a)List the eight levels of the taxonomic hierarchy in order from broadest to most specific.按从最宽泛到最具体的顺序列出分类层级的八个等级。[2]
(b)A grey wolf (Canis lupus) and a domestic dog share the same genus. What does sharing a genus tell you about their evolutionary relationship compared with organisms that share only a family?灰狼（Canis lupus）与家犬同属一个属。与仅同科的生物相比，同属说明它们之间的进化关系有何不同？[2]
(c)State the memory aid (mnemonic) most commonly used to recall the taxonomic levels in order.写出最常用于按序记忆分类等级的记忆口诀。[1]
Q4MEDIUM中🇺🇸 US美AP-style MCQAP 风格选择题§4 Three domains三个域 · HS-LS4-1[5 marks][5 分]
The three-domain system replaced the earlier five-kingdom system. Use the table of characteristics below to answer the questions.三域系统取代了早期的五界系统。根据以下特征表格回答问题。
Feature特征
Bacteria细菌域
Archaea古菌域
Eukarya真核生物域
Nucleus细胞核
Absent无
Absent无
Present有
Peptidoglycan cell wall肽聚糖细胞壁
Present有
Absent无
Absent无
Membrane lipids膜脂
Ester-linked酯键连接
Ether-linked醚键连接
Ester-linked酯键连接
(a)A microorganism is found living in a hot spring at 85 degrees Celsius. It has no nucleus and its cell membrane contains ether-linked lipids. Identify its domain and justify your answer using two pieces of evidence from the table.在 85 摄氏度的温泉中发现一种微生物，它没有细胞核，细胞膜含有醚键连接的脂质。请鉴定其所属域，并利用表中两条证据加以说明。[3]
(b)State ONE key feature that is shared by Bacteria and Archaea but is absent in Eukarya.写出细菌域与古菌域共有、但真核生物域没有的一个关键特征。[1]
(c)Archaea and Eukarya are now considered more closely related to each other than either is to Bacteria. State ONE molecular feature that supports this grouping.古菌域与真核生物域目前被认为互相之间的亲缘关系比各自与细菌域的关系更近。写出支持这一分组的一个分子特征。[1]
The six-kingdom system places all life into Eubacteria, Archaebacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia.六界系统将所有生命分为真细菌界、古细菌界、原生生物界、真菌界、植物界和动物界。
(a)Complete the table by filling in ONE key distinguishing feature for each kingdom listed.在下表空格中，为每个界各填写一个关键区别特征。[4]
Kingdom界
Key distinguishing feature关键区别特征
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
Protista
(b)A mushroom and a green plant are both eukaryotes, but they belong to different kingdoms. State TWO features that distinguish Fungi from Plantae.蘑菇与绿色植物都是真核生物，但属于不同的界。写出真菌界与植物界的两个区别特征。[2]
(c)Explain why Protista is considered a "catch-all" kingdom and why some taxonomists argue it should be split into multiple kingdoms.说明为何原生生物界被视为"兜底"界，以及为何一些分类学家认为应将其拆分为多个界。[1]
PART II · EXTENDED RESPONSE第二部分 · 简答题AP-feeder FRQ + honors · 32 marksAP 衔接简答题 + 荣誉级 · 共 32 分
Section B · Extended ResponseB 部分 · 简答题
Show every step of reasoning. Write in complete sentences where asked to explain or justify. State the classification level or naming rule before applying it.每一步推理都要写出。需要解释或论证时，用完整句子作答。在应用规则前，先说明所用的分类等级或命名规则。
The table below shows the classification of four species.下表展示了四个物种的分类情况。
Level等级
Species A物种 A
Species B物种 B
Species C物种 C
Species D物种 D
Order
Primates
Primates
Carnivora
Primates
Family
Hominidae
Hominidae
Felidae
Cercopithecidae
Genus
Homo
Pan
Felis
Macaca
Species epithet
sapiens
troglodytes
catus
mulatta
(a)Write the correctly formatted binomial name for Species A and Species C.写出物种 A 和物种 C 格式正确的双名法学名。[2]
(b)Which two species share the most recent common ancestor? Justify your answer by citing the lowest shared taxonomic level.哪两个物种拥有最近的共同祖先？请引用最低的共同分类等级来说明你的判断。[2]
(c)Species C is more distantly related to Species A than any of the others. Identify the taxonomic level at which Species C first diverges from Species A, B, and D.物种 C 与物种 A 的亲缘关系比其他物种更远。指出物种 C 最早在哪个分类等级与物种 A、B、D 分开。[1]
(d)Explain why binomial nomenclature is preferred over common names in scientific communication. Give one specific example of a problem that can arise with common names.解释为何学术交流中双名法优于通俗名称，并举一个具体例子说明通俗名称可能引发的问题。[3]
A simplified cladogram shows the evolutionary relationships among five vertebrates: lamprey, shark, salamander, lizard, and chimpanzee. The cladogram has the following structure: the outgroup is lamprey; the first branch point separates lamprey from jawed vertebrates; the second branch point separates shark from the remaining three; the third separates salamander from amniotes (lizard + chimpanzee); the fourth separates lizard from chimpanzee.一张简化的分支图展示了五种脊椎动物之间的进化关系：七鳃鳗、鲨鱼、蝾螈、蜥蜴和黑猩猩。结构如下：外群为七鳃鳗；第一个分支点将七鳃鳗与有颌脊椎动物分开；第二个分支点将鲨鱼与其余三者分开；第三个分支点将蝾螈与羊膜动物（蜥蜴 + 黑猩猩）分开；第四个分支点将蜥蜴与黑猩猩分开。
(a)Draw the cladogram described above, labelling all five organisms and all four branch points (nodes).根据上述描述画出分支图，标注五种生物和四个分支点（节点）。[3]
(b)Which two organisms are most closely related according to this cladogram? Explain how you determined this.根据此分支图，哪两种生物的亲缘关系最近？说明你的判断依据。[2]
(c)Name ONE derived characteristic (synapomorphy) that would be shared by salamander, lizard, and chimpanzee but NOT by lamprey and shark.写出一个蝾螈、蜥蜴和黑猩猩共有、但七鳃鳗和鲨鱼没有的衍生特征（共近裂征）。[1]
(d)Explain the difference between a phylogenetic tree and a cladogram. State ONE piece of information shown in a phylogenetic tree that is typically NOT shown in a cladogram.解释系统发育树与分支图的区别。写出系统发育树通常显示而分支图通常不显示的一条信息。[2]
A microbiologist discovers three unknown organisms during a field study of a high-salinity lake. Their characteristics are described in the table below.一位微生物学家在一个高盐度湖泊的野外研究中发现了三种未知生物。其特征如下表所示。
Characteristic特征
Organism X生物 X
Organism Y生物 Y
Organism Z生物 Z
Nucleus细胞核
Present有
Absent无
Absent无
Cell wall细胞壁
Cellulose纤维素
Peptidoglycan肽聚糖
Pseudomurein假肽聚糖
Nutrition营养方式
Photosynthetic光合自养
Chemosynthetic化能自养
Heterotrophic异养
(a)Identify the domain AND kingdom of each organism. Justify each identification with ONE piece of evidence from the table.鉴定每种生物所属的域和界，并各引用表中一条证据加以说明。[6]
(b)Organism Z thrives at temperatures above 80 degrees Celsius. State the ecological term for an organism adapted to extreme environments.生物 Z 在 80 摄氏度以上的环境中生长旺盛。写出适应极端环境的生物的生态学术语。[1]
A student is studying four plant species and has recorded the following derived characteristics: vascular tissue (present in Species 2, 3, 4; absent in Species 1), seeds (present in Species 3 and 4; absent in Species 1 and 2), and flowers (present only in Species 4; absent in Species 1, 2, and 3).一名学生正在研究四种植物，记录了以下衍生特征：维管组织（物种 2、3、4 有；物种 1 无），种子（物种 3、4 有；物种 1、2 无），花（仅物种 4 有；物种 1、2、3 无）。
(a)Construct a cladogram for the four plant species using these three derived characteristics as branch points. Label each node with the derived characteristic that first appeared at that node.以这三个衍生特征为分支点，为四种植物构建分支图，并在每个节点处标注该节点首次出现的衍生特征。[4]
(b)Based on your cladogram, which species group forms a clade that includes Species 3 and 4 but excludes Species 1 and 2? State the shared derived characteristic that defines this clade.根据你的分支图，哪个物种组构成了包含物种 3 和 4、但排除物种 1 和 2 的一个单系群？写出定义该单系群的共同衍生特征。[2]
(c)Construct a two-step dichotomous key that could be used to distinguish Species 1, 2, 3, and 4 from each other using the three characteristics above. Format your key as numbered couplets (1a / 1b, 2a / 2b, etc.).利用上述三个特征，构建一个可用于区分物种 1、2、3、4 的两步二歧检索表。请将检索表格式化为编号对句（1a / 1b、2a / 2b 等）。[3]
PART III · MODELING / APPLIED第三部分 · 建模与应用AB Diploma + Universal · 24 marks阿省毕业考 + 通用题型 · 共 24 分
Section C · Modeling and ApplicationsC 部分 · 建模与应用
Apply your knowledge to novel scenarios. Identify the classification concept being tested before writing your response. Conclude each question with a one-sentence summary answer in context.将所学知识应用于新情境。作答前先明确该题所考查的分类学概念。每题以一句结合情境的完整句子作答。
A student uses the following dichotomous key to identify five invertebrates (A through E) collected from a freshwater pond.一名学生使用以下二歧检索表对从淡水池塘采集的五种无脊椎动物（A 至 E）进行鉴定。
1a.Body has an exoskeleton身体有外骨骼 ... go to 2转至 2
1b.Body has no exoskeleton身体无外骨骼 ... go to 3转至 3
2a.Three pairs of legs三对足 ... Insecta昆虫纲
2b.Four pairs of legs四对足 ... Arachnida蛛形纲
3a.Body is segmented身体分节 ... Annelida环节动物门
3b.Body is not segmented身体不分节 ... go to 4转至 4
4a.Shell present有壳 ... Mollusca软体动物门
4b.Shell absent无壳 ... Platyhelminthes扁形动物门
(a)Use the key to classify each organism. Record the key steps you followed and the final identification for each.使用该检索表对每种生物进行分类。记录每步检索路径和最终鉴定结果。
Organism生物
Observed features观察到的特征
Key path (steps)检索路径
Identification鉴定结果
A
Exoskeleton, 6 legs外骨骼，6 条腿
B
No exoskeleton, segmented body无外骨骼，身体分节
C
Exoskeleton, 8 legs外骨骼，8 条腿
D
No exoskeleton, not segmented, shell present无外骨骼，不分节，有壳
E
No exoskeleton, not segmented, no shell无外骨骼，不分节，无壳
[5]
(b)Explain why dichotomous keys must use observable, unambiguous characteristics rather than size or colour. Give ONE specific reason.解释为何二歧检索表必须使用可观察且明确的特征，而非大小或颜色。给出一个具体理由。[2]
(c)Suggest ONE limitation of a dichotomous key when applied to organisms that show significant individual variation within a species.说明将二歧检索表应用于种内个体差异显著的生物时的一个局限性。[1]
A researcher proposes two competing cladograms (Hypothesis 1 and Hypothesis 2) for the relationships among four mammals: whale, bat, cow, and horse. In Hypothesis 1, whales and bats form a clade separate from cow and horse. In Hypothesis 2, whales and cows form a clade separate from bat and horse. Molecular data from DNA sequence comparisons strongly support Hypothesis 2.一位研究者提出了关于四种哺乳动物（鲸、蝙蝠、牛和马）亲缘关系的两个竞争性分支图假说。假说 1 中，鲸与蝙蝠形成一个单系群，与牛和马分开。假说 2 中，鲸与牛形成一个单系群，与蝙蝠和马分开。来自 DNA 序列比对的分子数据强烈支持假说 2。
(a)Sketch both Hypothesis 1 and Hypothesis 2 as cladograms, using horse as the outgroup in both. Label all taxa and branch points.以马为外群，将假说 1 和假说 2 各画成分支图。标注所有分类单元和分支点。[3]
(b)Hypothesis 1 was originally based on morphological evidence: both whales and bats use echolocation-like mechanisms. Explain why this morphological similarity is misleading when building a cladogram.假说 1 最初基于形态学证据：鲸和蝙蝠都使用类似回声定位的机制。解释为何这种形态相似性在构建分支图时具有误导性。[2]
(c)State the term for a characteristic that has evolved independently in two unrelated lineages, and explain why such characteristics complicate cladistic analysis.写出在两个不相关谱系中独立进化出的特征的专业术语，并解释为何这类特征会使分支分类分析复杂化。[2]
(d)Molecular data support grouping whales with cows (even-toed ungulates). State ONE type of molecular evidence that scientists use to determine evolutionary relationships.分子数据支持将鲸与牛（偶蹄类）归为一组。写出科学家用于确定进化关系的一种分子证据。[1]
A conservation biologist is assessing a forest fragment. She identifies 12 plant species, 8 bird species, 4 mammal species, 3 reptile species, and 2 amphibian species. All organisms are eukaryotes in the Kingdom Animalia or Plantae.一位保护生物学家正在评估一个森林片段。她鉴定出 12 种植物、8 种鸟、4 种哺乳动物、3 种爬行动物和 2 种两栖动物。所有生物均为动物界或植物界的真核生物。
(a)Calculate the total species richness of this forest fragment and state which kingdom contains the most species.计算该森林片段的物种丰富度总数，并指出哪个界的物种数量最多。[2]
(b)The biologist later discovers that all 8 bird species, the 4 mammal species, and the 3 reptile species belong to the same class or different classes of the phylum Chordata. Identify the correct taxonomic level shared by birds, mammals, and reptiles, and state the phylum they all belong to.生物学家随后发现，8 种鸟、4 种哺乳动物和 3 种爬行动物都属于脊索动物门内的同一纲或不同纲。指出鸟、哺乳动物和爬行动物共享的正确分类等级，并写出它们所在的门。[2]
(c)Explain why high species richness in a habitat does not necessarily indicate high phylogenetic diversity. Use the concept of taxonomic levels in your answer.解释为何一个栖息地的高物种丰富度不一定意味着高系统发育多样性。请在回答中运用分类等级的概念。[2]
(d)From a conservation standpoint, explain why protecting a single large habitat patch that contains many species from different orders is generally preferable to protecting multiple small patches each containing species from the same order.从保护的角度，解释为何保护一个包含多个不同目物种的大型栖息地斑块，通常优于保护多个各自仅包含同一目物种的小型斑块。[2]
🇺🇸 US NGSS美国 NGSSHS-LS4-1HS-LS4-2
🇨🇦 Ontario安大略SBI3U Strand D · D1 · D2
🇨🇦 British Columbia不列颠哥伦比亚Life Sciences 11: biodiversity, taxonomy, cladisticsLife Sciences 11：生物多样性、分类学、分支分类法
🇨🇦 Alberta阿尔伯塔Biology 30 Unit D · 30-D1.1k · 30-D1.2k · 30-D1.3k
Full Syllabus Map lives in ../Study Guides/Unit_8_Biodiversity_and_Classification.html. This unit is qualitative throughout; no calculator needed.完整大纲对照表见 ../Study Guides/Unit_8_Biodiversity_and_Classification.html。本单元全为定性内容，无需计算器。