PART I · SHORT RESPONSE第一部分 · 短答题AP-style MCQ + ON/BC short answer · 25 marksAP 风格选择题 + 安/卑省考短答 · 共 25 分
Section A · Short ResponseA 部分 · 短答题
Mix of multiple-choice and short-answer items. For MCQs, circle the letter and write one sentence justifying your choice. For short-answer items, answer in complete sentences. No calculator required in Part I.本节包含选择题与短答题。选择题请圈出字母答案，并用一句话说明理由。短答题请用完整句子作答。第一部分无需计算器。
The forelimbs of humans, whales, bats, and horses all share the same arrangement of bones (humerus, radius, ulna, carpals) even though the limbs perform very different functions. This evidence is best described as:人类、鲸鱼、蝙蝠和马的前肢骨骼排列相同（肱骨、桡骨、尺骨、腕骨），尽管功能各异。这一证据最恰当的描述是：
(D)Biochemical evidence from DNA sequencingDNA 测序的生化证据
Q2EASY易🇺🇸 US美AP-style MCQAP 风格选择题§2 Darwin and Natural Selection达尔文与自然选择 · HS-LS4-2[3 marks][3 分]
Which of the following is NOT one of Darwin's four postulates for natural selection to occur?以下哪项不是达尔文自然选择发生的四个公设之一？
(A)Variation exists among individuals in a population种群个体间存在变异
(B)Some variation is heritable部分变异可遗传
(C)Individuals with favorable traits always survive to reproduce具有有利性状的个体总能存活并繁殖
(D)More offspring are produced than can survive产生的后代多于能存活的数量
Q3MEDIUM中🇨🇦 ON安ON Provincial-style安大略省考风格§4 Mechanisms of Evolution进化机制 · SBI3U[5 marks][5 分]
A small group of 15 birds from a mainland population is blown by a storm to a remote island. The island population later shows very different allele frequencies from the mainland population.大陆种群中的 15 只鸟被暴风雨吹到一座偏远岛屿。该岛屿种群后来显示出与大陆种群截然不同的等位基因频率。
(a)Identify the evolutionary mechanism that best explains the initial difference in allele frequencies between the island and mainland populations.指出最能解释岛屿种群与大陆种群等位基因频率初始差异的进化机制。[2]
(b)Explain why this mechanism has a stronger effect in small populations than in large populations.解释为何该机制对小种群的影响比大种群更强。[2]
(c)State the specific name for this type of event, in which a small subset of a population colonizes a new area.写出这种小种群迁入新地区事件的具体名称。[1]
In a population of beetles, body color ranges from light tan to dark brown. Birds preferentially eat light-colored beetles because they are more visible against the dark soil.某甲虫种群的体色从浅棕黄色到深棕色不等。鸟类优先捕食浅色甲虫，因为它们在深色土壤上更为显眼。
(a)Identify the type of natural selection acting on this beetle population and explain how it changes the distribution of body color over time.指出作用于该甲虫种群的自然选择类型，并解释其如何随时间改变体色的分布。[3]
(b)Define relative fitness and explain which beetles in this population have the highest relative fitness.定义相对适合度，并解释该种群中哪类甲虫相对适合度最高。[2]
(c)State one source of heritable variation that could produce new color variants in this population.写出一种能在该种群中产生新体色变体的可遗传变异来源。[1]
The Grand Canyon formed roughly 5-6 million years ago, dividing a population of squirrels. Today, the Kaibab squirrel lives on the North Rim and the Abert squirrel lives on the South Rim. The two populations differ in coat color and cannot interbreed successfully.大峡谷约在 500-600 万年前形成，将一个松鼠种群一分为二。如今，凯巴布松鼠生活在北缘，阿伯特松鼠生活在南缘。两个种群毛色不同，无法成功交配繁殖。
(a)Identify the type of speciation that occurred and the type of isolation that initiated it.指出发生的物种形成类型及其触发的隔离类型。[2]
(b)Outline the sequence of events that led from one ancestral squirrel population to two separate species.概述从一个祖先松鼠种群演化为两个独立物种的事件顺序。[3]
(c)A scientist suggests that if the canyon were filled in, the two squirrel populations would eventually merge back into one species. Evaluate this suggestion using the concept of reproductive isolation.一位科学家认为，若大峡谷被填平，两个松鼠种群最终会重新融合为一个物种。利用生殖隔离概念评价这一观点。[3]
PART II · EXTENDED RESPONSE第二部分 · 简答题AP-feeder FRQ + honors · 30 marksAP 衔接简答题 + 荣誉级 · 共 30 分
Section B · Extended ResponseB 部分 · 简答题
Show every step of reasoning. Support each claim with biological evidence or logic. Write in complete sentences. Conclude each sub-part with a clear, direct answer statement.每一步推理都要写出。用生物学证据或逻辑支撑每个论点。用完整句子作答。每个子问题以清晰直接的答案陈述收尾。
Biologists use multiple lines of evidence to support the theory of evolution. For each of the following types of evidence, briefly describe it and explain how it supports evolution by common descent.生物学家使用多条证据来支持进化理论。对于以下每类证据，简要描述它并解释它如何支持共同祖先进化论。
(a)Fossil record化石记录[2]
(b)Comparative embryology比较胚胎学[2]
(c)Molecular/biochemical evidence (DNA and protein sequences)分子/生化证据（DNA 与蛋白质序列）[2]
(d)Identify one limitation of the fossil record as evidence for evolution.指出化石记录作为进化证据的一个局限性。[1]
Q7MEDIUM中🇨🇦 ON安ON Provincial-style安大略省考风格§2 + §3 Darwin + Variation and Adaptation达尔文 + 变异与适应 · SBI3U[8 marks][8 分]
The peppered moth (Biston betularia) exists in two forms: light-colored (speckled) and dark-colored (melanic). Before the Industrial Revolution in England, light moths were common; after industrialization blackened tree bark with soot, dark moths became dominant in polluted areas.椒花蛾（Biston betularia）有两种形态：浅色（斑点型）和深色（黑化型）。英国工业革命前浅色蛾较多；工业化使树皮被烟尘染黑后，深色蛾在污染地区占主导。
(a)Using Darwin's four postulates, explain how natural selection led to the increase in dark-colored moths after industrialization.运用达尔文四个公设，解释工业化后自然选择如何导致深色蛾数量增加。[4]
(b)After clean-air legislation reduced soot pollution, light moths became common again. Explain this observation in terms of selection pressure and adaptation.清洁空气立法减少烟尘污染后，浅色蛾再次增多。用选择压力和适应概念解释这一现象。[2]
(c)State whether this example represents microevolution or macroevolution, and justify your answer.说明该案例属于小进化还是大进化，并说明理由。[2]
Compare the four main mechanisms of evolution in a population: natural selection, mutation, gene flow, and genetic drift.比较种群进化的四种主要机制：自然选择、突变、基因流和基因漂变。
(a)For each mechanism, state whether it is random or non-random, and whether it consistently leads to adaptation. Organize your answer in a table.对于每种机制，说明它是随机还是非随机的，以及它是否持续导致适应性。用表格组织你的回答。[4]
(b)Explain why gene flow tends to reduce genetic differences between populations, while genetic drift tends to increase them.解释为何基因流倾向于减小种群间的遗传差异，而基因漂变倾向于增大遗传差异。[2]
(c)Distinguish between divergent evolution and convergent evolution. Give one example of each.区分趋异进化与趋同进化，各举一例。[2]
Antibiotic resistance in bacteria is a well-documented example of rapid evolution. Consider a population of bacteria exposed to an antibiotic to which a small fraction of individuals are initially resistant due to a pre-existing mutation.细菌的抗生素耐药性是快速进化的有据可查的案例。设某细菌种群暴露于抗生素中，由于预先存在的突变，最初只有极少数个体具有耐药性。
(a)Explain why natural selection, not the antibiotic itself, produces resistant bacteria. Address the role of pre-existing variation.解释为何是自然选择而非抗生素本身产生了耐药细菌。阐述预先存在变异的作用。[3]
(b)A patient stops taking antibiotics early because they feel better. Explain how incomplete antibiotic courses can accelerate the evolution of resistance in the bacterial population.患者因感觉好转而提前停止服用抗生素。解释不完整的抗生素疗程如何加速细菌种群中耐药性的进化。[2]
(c)Explain why this example demonstrates that evolution is not "goal-directed" or progressive.解释为何该案例说明进化不是"目标导向"或进步性的。[2]
PART III · MODELING / APPLIED第三部分 · 建模与应用AB Diploma + Universal · 27 marks阿省毕业考 + 通用题型 · 共 27 分
Section C · Modeling and ApplicationsC 部分 · 建模与应用
For Q11, show all algebraic steps for Hardy-Weinberg calculations. For Q10 and Q12, support interpretations with biological reasoning. Conclude each question with a sentence in context. Calculator permitted throughout Part III.Q11 需写出哈迪-温伯格计算的完整代数步骤。Q10 和 Q12 需用生物学推理支撑解读。每题以结合情境的完整句子作答。第三部分全程可用计算器。
Darwin's finches on the Galapagos Islands are a classic example of adaptive radiation. A single ancestral finch species colonized the islands millions of years ago. Today, approximately 18 species exist, each adapted to a different food source (large seeds, small seeds, cactus nectar, insects, etc.).加拉帕戈斯群岛的达尔文雀是适应辐射的经典案例。数百万年前，单一的祖先雀种迁入该群岛。如今已有约 18 个物种，各自适应不同的食物来源（大种子、小种子、仙人掌花蜜、昆虫等）。
(a)Define adaptive radiation and explain why island environments are particularly favorable for it.定义适应辐射，并解释为何岛屿环境特别有利于适应辐射的发生。[3]
(b)The 18 Galapagos finch species show very similar DNA sequences despite their different beak morphologies. Explain how this supports the hypothesis of common descent from a single ancestor.这 18 种加拉帕戈斯雀尽管喙部形态各异，但 DNA 序列非常相似。解释这如何支持它们源自单一祖先的共同祖先假说。[3]
(c)If two finch species that evolved on different islands were brought together and could interbreed, would they be considered the same species? Justify your answer using the biological species concept.若两个在不同岛屿上进化的雀种被置于同一环境并能交配繁殖，它们是否属于同一物种？用生物物种概念说明理由。[2]
In a population of 1000 individuals, the ability to taste phenylthiocarbamide (PTC) is controlled by a single gene with two alleles. Tasting (T) is dominant over non-tasting (t). Genotyping reveals: 490 TT, 420 Tt, and 90 tt individuals.在一个 1000 人的种群中，感知苯硫脲（PTC）味道的能力由单基因双等位基因控制。感知（T）对不感知（t）为显性。基因型检测结果为：490 TT，420 Tt，90 tt。
(a)Calculate the observed frequencies of alleles T and t in this population. Show your working.计算该种群中等位基因 T 和 t 的观测频率，写出计算过程。[3]
(b)Using the Hardy-Weinberg equations $p + q = 1$ and $p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1$, calculate the expected genotype frequencies if the population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.使用哈迪-温伯格方程 $p + q = 1$ 和 $p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1$，计算该种群处于哈迪-温伯格平衡时的期望基因型频率。[3]
(c)Compare your observed and expected genotype frequencies and state whether this population appears to be in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Give one evolutionary mechanism that could explain any deviation observed.比较你的观测基因型频率与期望基因型频率，说明该种群是否处于哈迪-温伯格平衡。给出一种可解释所观测偏差的进化机制。[3]
A population of wild horses shows variation in leg length ranging from short to long. Researchers track this population over 100 years in an environment where moderate leg length provides the best balance of speed (to escape predators) and energy efficiency.某野马种群的腿长从短到长各有不同。研究人员在一个中等腿长能提供最佳速度（逃避捕食者）与能量效率平衡的环境中追踪该种群 100 年。
(a)Identify the type of selection operating on leg length and describe how the distribution of leg length in the population would change over 100 years.指出作用于腿长的选择类型，并描述 100 年内种群腿长分布的变化。[3]
(b)A severe drought reduces the horse population from 2000 to 40 individuals. Explain how this event could change allele frequencies in ways unrelated to adaptation, and name this phenomenon.一场严重干旱使马的种群数量从 2000 匹减少到 40 匹。解释此事件如何以与适应无关的方式改变等位基因频率，并命名这一现象。[3]
(c)After the drought, the remaining population slowly recovers to 2000 individuals. A scientist argues that the recovered population is now less fit than the original. Explain this argument using the concepts of genetic variation and evolutionary potential.干旱后，残余种群缓慢恢复至 2000 匹。一位科学家认为恢复后的种群适应性低于原始种群。用遗传变异和进化潜力概念解释这一论点。[2]
(d)Explain why maintaining genetic diversity within a species is important for long-term survival, particularly in changing environments.解释为何维持物种内遗传多样性对长期存续很重要，尤其在变化的环境中。[2]
🇺🇸 US NGSS美国 NGSSHS-LS4-1 · HS-LS4-2 · HS-LS4-4
🇨🇦 Ontario安大略SBI3U / SBI4U · Evolution unit进化单元
🇨🇦 British Columbia不列颠哥伦比亚Biology 12: Evolution and common ancestry生物 12：进化与共同祖先
🇨🇦 Alberta阿尔伯塔Biology 30 Unit D · D1.1k–D1.5k · Hardy-Weinberg: D1.3k哈迪-温伯格：D1.3k
Full Syllabus Map lives in ../Study Guides/Unit_7_Evolution_and_Natural_Selection.html. Hardy-Weinberg calculations (Q11) are Honors / AB Biology 30 only; all other regions treat this topic qualitatively.完整大纲对照表见 ../Study Guides/Unit_7_Evolution_and_Natural_Selection.html。哈迪-温伯格计算（Q11）仅适用于荣誉级 / 阿尔伯塔 Biology 30；其他地区对该主题仅作定性考查。