PART I · SHORT RESPONSE第一部分 · 短答题AP-style MCQ + ON/BC short answer · 20 marksAP 风格选择题 + 安/卑省考短答 · 共 20 分
Section A · Short ResponseA 部分 · 短答题
Mix of multiple-choice and short-answer items. For MCQs, circle the letter; show enough work in the margin that a marker could verify. For short-answer items, state units in every answer. Use $c = 3.00 \times 10^8\ \text{m/s}$ and $h = 6.63 \times 10^{-34}\ \text{J}\cdot\text{s}$ where needed. Measure all ray angles from the normal. Calculator permitted on Q4 and Q5.本节包含选择题与短答题。选择题请圈出字母答案，并在空白处写下足以让阅卷人核对的过程。短答题每道都要写出单位。需要时取 $c = 3.00 \times 10^8\ \text{m/s}$，$h = 6.63 \times 10^{-34}\ \text{J}\cdot\text{s}$。所有光线角度从法线量起。Q4 与 Q5 可用计算器。
Q1EASY易🇺🇸 US美AP-style MCQAP 风格选择题§1 EM spectrum电磁波谱 · HS-PS4-3[3 marks][3 分]
Which list orders these regions of the electromagnetic spectrum from lowest to highest photon energy?下列哪一项把这些电磁波谱区域按光子能量从低到高排列？
Q2EASY易🇺🇸 US美AP-style MCQAP 风格选择题§2 Law of reflection反射定律 · HS-PS4-3[3 marks][3 分]
A light ray strikes a flat mirror at $25^{\circ}$ to the mirror surface. What is the angle of reflection, measured from the normal?一束光以与镜面成 $25^{\circ}$ 角射到平面镜上。从法线量起的反射角是多少？
A ray of light in air ($n = 1.00$) enters water ($n = 1.33$) at an angle of incidence of $45^{\circ}$ from the normal. Which value is closest to the angle of refraction in the water?一束光从空气（$n = 1.00$）以与法线成 $45^{\circ}$ 的入射角进入水（$n = 1.33$）。水中折射角最接近下列哪个值？
A concave mirror has a focal length of $10$ cm. An object is placed $15$ cm in front of the mirror. Use the mirror equation $\tfrac{1}{f} = \tfrac{1}{d_o} + \tfrac{1}{d_i}$ and $m = -d_i/d_o$.一块凹镜焦距为 $10$ cm，物体置于镜前 $15$ cm 处。使用镜方程 $\tfrac{1}{f} = \tfrac{1}{d_o} + \tfrac{1}{d_i}$ 和 $m = -d_i/d_o$。
(a)Find the image distance $d_i$.求像距 $d_i$。[3]
(b)Find the magnification $m$.求放大率 $m$。[1]
(c)State whether the image is real or virtual, upright or inverted, and enlarged or diminished.说明像是实像还是虚像、正立还是倒立、放大还是缩小。[2]
PART II · EXTENDED RESPONSE第二部分 · 简答题AP-feeder FRQ + honors · 34 marksAP 衔接简答题 + 荣誉级 · 共 34 分
Section B · Extended ResponseB 部分 · 简答题
Show every step of reasoning. State the equation used (mirror equation, thin-lens equation, Snell's law, or critical-angle relation) before substituting values. State units in every final answer, and state the sign convention ($d_o > 0$; $d_i > 0$ real, $d_i < 0$ virtual). Draw a ray diagram where it helps. Calculator permitted on Q6-Q9.每一步推理都要写出。代入数值前先注明所用方程（镜方程、薄透镜方程、斯涅尔定律或临界角关系）。每个最终答案都要写单位，并说明符号约定（$d_o > 0$；$d_i > 0$ 为实像，$d_i < 0$ 为虚像）。需要时画出光路图。Q6-Q9 可用计算器。
A converging lens has a focal length of $12$ cm.一块会聚透镜焦距为 $12$ cm。
(a)An object is placed $20$ cm from the lens. Find the image distance $d_i$.物体置于距透镜 $20$ cm 处。求像距 $d_i$。[2]
(b)Find the magnification and state whether the image is real or virtual, upright or inverted.求放大率，并说明像是实像还是虚像、正立还是倒立。[2]
(c)The object is now moved to $8$ cm from the same lens. Find the new image distance.现将物体移至距同一透镜 $8$ cm 处。求新的像距。[2]
(d)Describe the image in part (c) and name the everyday optical instrument that uses this configuration.描述 (c) 中所成的像，并说出使用该配置的日常光学仪器名称。[2]
Q7MEDIUM中🇨🇦 ON安ON Provincial-style安大略省考风格§4 Refraction in glass玻璃中的折射 · SPH3U[8 marks][8 分]
A ray of light travelling in air ($n = 1.00$) strikes a flat glass block ($n = 1.50$) at an angle of incidence of $50^{\circ}$ from the normal. Take $c = 3.00 \times 10^8\ \text{m/s}$.一束在空气（$n = 1.00$）中传播的光以与法线成 $50^{\circ}$ 的入射角射到平整玻璃块（$n = 1.50$）上。取 $c = 3.00 \times 10^8\ \text{m/s}$。
(a)Find the angle of refraction inside the glass.求光在玻璃内的折射角。[3]
(b)Find the speed of light inside the glass.求光在玻璃内的传播速度。[2]
(c)The light has a wavelength of $600$ nm in air. Find its wavelength inside the glass.该光在空气中波长为 $600$ nm。求其在玻璃内的波长。[2]
(d)State whether the ray bends toward or away from the normal on entering the glass, and explain why in terms of optical density.说明光进入玻璃时是偏向还是偏离法线，并从光学密度的角度解释原因。[1]
An optical-fibre core is made of glass with $n = 1.50$. Take $n_{\text{air}} = 1.00$, $n_{\text{water}} = 1.33$, $n_{\text{diamond}} = 2.42$.一根光纤的纤芯由 $n = 1.50$ 的玻璃制成。取 $n_{\text{air}} = 1.00$，$n_{\text{water}} = 1.33$，$n_{\text{diamond}} = 2.42$。
(a)State the two conditions required for total internal reflection to occur.写出发生全内反射所需的两个条件。[2]
(b)Find the critical angle for the glass-air interface.求玻璃-空气界面的临界角。[2]
(c)A ray inside the glass core meets the glass-air boundary at $45^{\circ}$ from the normal. Will it undergo total internal reflection? Justify with a comparison.玻璃纤芯内一束光以与法线成 $45^{\circ}$ 射到玻璃-空气界面。它会发生全内反射吗？用比较加以论证。[2]
(d)Find the critical angle for diamond in air, and explain why cut diamonds sparkle.求钻石在空气中的临界角，并解释为何切割后的钻石会闪烁。[2]
(e)If the fibre is immersed in water ($n = 1.33$) instead of air, find the new critical angle for the glass-water boundary and state whether the fibre still confines light at $45^{\circ}$.若把光纤浸入水（$n = 1.33$）而非空气中，求玻璃-水界面的新临界角，并说明光纤在 $45^{\circ}$ 时是否仍能约束光。[2]
PART III · MODELING / APPLIED第三部分 · 建模与应用AB Diploma + Universal · 28 marks阿省毕业考 + 通用题型 · 共 28 分
Section C · Modeling and ApplicationsC 部分 · 建模与应用
Define symbols (with units) at the start of each question. State the equation used (Snell's law, mirror equation, lens equation, magnification) before substituting. Apply the real-positive sign convention. Conclude each question with a one-sentence answer in context, including the nature of any image. Calculator permitted throughout Part III.每题开始时定义符号（含单位）。代入数值前先写出所用方程（斯涅尔定律、镜方程、透镜方程、放大率）。采用实-为-正符号约定。每题以一句结合情境的完整句子作答，并说明所成像的性质。第三部分全程可用计算器。
Sunlight strikes the flat surface of a still pool at $40^{\circ}$ from the normal. The water has $n = 1.33$; take $c = 3.00 \times 10^8\ \text{m/s}$ and $n_{\text{air}} = 1.00$.阳光以与法线成 $40^{\circ}$ 射到平静水池的水面上。水的折射率 $n = 1.33$；取 $c = 3.00 \times 10^8\ \text{m/s}$，$n_{\text{air}} = 1.00$。
(a)Find the angle of refraction of the light in the water.求光在水中的折射角。[3]
(b)Find the speed of light in the water.求光在水中的传播速度。[2]
(c)A fish rests $2.0$ m below the surface (real depth). Find its apparent depth as seen from directly above, using apparent depth $=$ real depth $/\,n$.一条鱼停在水面下 $2.0$ m 处（实际深度）。用 表观深度 $=$ 实际深度 $/\,n$，求从正上方看到的表观深度。[2]
(d)Now a fish looks up toward the surface. Find the critical angle for the water-air boundary and state what the fish sees beyond that angle.现让鱼向上看向水面。求水-空气界面的临界角，并说明超过该角度时鱼看到什么。[2]
A concave shaving/makeup mirror has a focal length of $15$ cm. A face is held $10$ cm in front of it. Use the mirror equation and $m = -d_i/d_o$.一面凹形剃须/化妆镜焦距为 $15$ cm，一张脸置于镜前 $10$ cm 处。使用镜方程与 $m = -d_i/d_o$。
(a)Find the image distance $d_i$.求像距 $d_i$。[2]
(b)Find the magnification and describe the image. Explain why this makes a good makeup mirror.求放大率并描述所成的像。解释为何这适合作化妆镜。[3]
(c)A store instead installs a convex security mirror of focal length $-40$ cm. A shopper stands $200$ cm in front of it. Find the image distance and magnification.某商店改装一面焦距为 $-40$ cm 的凸面安防镜。一位顾客站在镜前 $200$ cm 处。求像距与放大率。[3]
(d)State one reason a convex mirror is preferred over a concave mirror for store security.写出商店安防选用凸面镜而非凹面镜的一个原因。[1]
A slide projector uses a converging lens of focal length $5.0$ cm. A slide (the object) is placed $6.0$ cm from the lens.一台幻灯机使用焦距为 $5.0$ cm 的会聚透镜。幻灯片（物体）置于距透镜 $6.0$ cm 处。
(a)Find the image distance, i.e. how far the screen must be from the lens.求像距，即屏幕须距透镜多远。[2]
(b)Find the magnification and state whether the projected image is upright or inverted (and what this means for how the slide must be loaded).求放大率，并说明投影像是正立还是倒立（以及这对幻灯片如何装入的影响）。[2]
(c)A refracting telescope has an objective of focal length $60$ cm and an eyepiece of focal length $2.0$ cm. Find its angular magnification, using $M = f_o/f_e$.一架折射望远镜物镜焦距 $60$ cm，目镜焦距 $2.0$ cm。用 $M = f_o/f_e$ 求其角放大率。[2]
(d)The objective is $6.0$ cm wide and the eye pupil is $0.60$ cm wide. By what factor does the objective collect more light? (Area $\propto$ diameter$^2$.)物镜宽 $6.0$ cm，人眼瞳孔宽 $0.60$ cm。物镜集光量是瞳孔的多少倍？（面积 $\propto$ 直径$^2$。）[2]
(e)A student who is short-sighted (myopic) cannot focus distant stars. State which type of corrective lens she needs and explain, in terms of where the image forms relative to the retina, why it works.一名近视学生无法看清远处的星星。说明她需要哪种矫正透镜，并从像相对于视网膜成像位置的角度解释其原理。[2]
🇨🇦 British Columbia不列颠哥伦比亚Physics 11: wave behaviours (reflection, refraction)物理 11：波动行为（反射、折射）
🇨🇦 Alberta阿尔伯塔Physics 30 Unit C · 30-C1.6k · 30-C1.7k · 30-C1.11k
Full Syllabus Map lives in ../Study Guides/Unit_7_Light_and_Geometric_Optics.html. Note: NGSS treats optics qualitatively under HS-PS4; the quantitative mirror, lens and Snell's-law items sit above the NGSS-assessed floor but are core for ON SPH3U / BC Physics 11 / AB Physics 30.完整大纲对照表见 ../Study Guides/Unit_7_Light_and_Geometric_Optics.html。注：NGSS 在 HS-PS4 下从概念层面处理光学；定量的镜、透镜与斯涅尔定律题超出 NGSS 考查范围，但为安大略 SPH3U / 卑诗物理 11 / 阿省物理 30 的核心内容。