Nomenclature and Chemical Formulae命名法与化学式
Chemistry is a language, and naming compounds is its grammar. This guide builds the complete system: from ionic charges and the periodic table, through binary and ternary ionic compounds (including transition-metal Roman numerals), to the polyatomic ion table every student must memorise, then to molecular compound prefix naming, acid nomenclature, the criss-cross method for writing formulae, and finally hydrates and common trivial names. Mastering this unit means you can fluently convert between a name and a formula in either direction — a skill every subsequent unit of chemistry depends on.化学是一种语言,化合物命名就是它的语法。本指南构建完整体系:从离子(ion,离子)电荷与元素周期表出发,经过二元和三元离子化合物(ionic compound,离子化合物,含过渡金属罗马数字),到每位学生必须记忆的多原子离子(polyatomic ion,多原子离子)表,再到共价化合物(covalent compound,共价化合物)前缀命名法、酸(acid,酸)的命名,用交叉法书写化学式(chemical formula,化学式),最后落脚于水合物(hydrate,水合物)和常用俗名。掌握本单元意味着你能流利地在名称与化学式之间双向转换——这是后续每个化学单元都依赖的技能。
How to use this guide如何使用本指南
Nomenclature is the one chemistry skill that is foundational to everything else: you cannot balance equations, read a data sheet, or write a lab report without knowing compound names and formulae. The four curricula agree on core content — ionic naming (including transition metals), molecular prefix naming, and formula-writing — but diverge on how explicitly they assess it. Ontario SCH3U B2.7 is the most precise citation: it names the skill verbatim. BC embeds it inside reaction and organic content; Alberta makes it a recall outcome in Chemistry 20 Unit A. The US NGSS has no dedicated PE, but treats naming as an implicit prerequisite for every PE that involves compounds.命名法是化学所有内容的基础:不知道化合物名称与化学式,你就无法平衡方程式、阅读数据表或撰写实验报告。四套大纲在核心内容上一致——离子化合物命名(含过渡金属)、分子化合物前缀命名和化学式书写——但在如何明确考查上有分歧。安大略 SCH3U B2.7 是最精确的引用:它逐字命名了这项技能。BC 将其嵌入反应和有机内容中;阿尔伯塔在 Chemistry 20 A 单元中将其作为回忆结果。US NGSS 无专属 PE,但将命名视为每个涉及化合物的 PE 的隐式先修要求。
| If you are in…如果你在… | Focus on these sections重点学习 | Notes说明 | Source依据 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 🇺🇸 US NGSS HS Chemistry美国 NGSS 高中化学 | All 7 sections as implicit skill work. No standalone assessed PE — but every reaction, stoichiometry, and bonding unit you encounter assumes fluent naming.全部 7 节作为隐式技能训练。无独立评估 PE——但你遇到的每个反应、化学计量和成键单元都默认你命名流利。 | No dedicated PE; naming is folded into HS-PS1-2 and HS-PS1-7 work.无专属 PE;命名法折叠进 HS-PS1-2 和 HS-PS1-7 的学习中。 | NGSS HS-PS1 (Chemistry) |
| 🇨🇦 ON SNC2D / SCH3U安大略 SNC2D / SCH3U | All 7 sections. SCH3U B2.7 is the primary citation; C2.2 requires IUPAC naming in balanced equations. Transition-metal Roman-numeral naming (§2) and polyatomic ions (§3) are assessed.全部 7 节。SCH3U B2.7 是主要引用;C2.2 要求在平衡方程式中使用 IUPAC 命名。过渡金属罗马数字命名(§2)和多原子离子(§3)被明确考查。 | B2.7 explicitly names "multiple valences" — iron(II)/iron(III) naming is assessed.B2.7 明确提到"多价化合物"——铁(II)/铁(III)命名被评估。 | Ontario SCH3U/4U Chemistry — SCH3U B2.7, C2.2— SCH3U B2.7,C2.2 |
| 🇨🇦 BC Science 10 / Chemistry 11BC Science 10 / Chemistry 11 | All 7 sections. Naming is embedded in "reactions" and "organic compounds: names, structures" content. BC Chemistry 11 uses IUPAC names throughout stoichiometry, organic, and solubility units.全部 7 节。命名法嵌入在"反应"和"有机化合物:名称、结构"内容中。BC Chemistry 11 在化学计量、有机和溶解度各单元中全程使用 IUPAC 命名法。 | No standalone content bullet; naming is a prerequisite competency for all other BC content.无单独内容条目;命名法是所有其他 BC 内容的先修能力。 | BC Chemistry 11/12 |
| 🇨🇦 AB Science 10 / Chemistry 20阿尔伯塔 Science 10 / Chemistry 20 | All 7 sections. Chemistry 20 Unit A GO1 explicitly lists "recall principles for assigning names to ionic compounds" and GO2 lists "recall principles for assigning names to molecular substances" as knowledge outcomes.全部 7 节。Chemistry 20 A 单元 GO1 明确列出"回忆离子化合物命名原则",GO2 列出"回忆分子物质命名原则"作为知识结果。 | Alberta also links naming to formula-writing: "explain why formulas for ionic compounds refer to the simplest whole-number ratio."阿尔伯塔还将命名与化学式书写联系起来:"解释为何离子化合物化学式指的是最简整数比。" | Alberta Chemistry 20/30 — Chem 20 Unit A GO1/GO2— Chem 20 A 单元 GO1/GO2 |
Memorise the polyatomic ion table (§3) first — it unlocks naming for almost every compound on a test. Then drill the three naming algorithms: (1) ionic binary: cation name + anion with “-ide”; (2) ionic polyatomic or transition-metal: cation name (Roman numeral if needed) + anion name; (3) molecular: Greek prefix + element + “-ide”. Read every cram-cheat box for the pattern, then do the worked examples.先背多原子离子表(§3)——它解锁了几乎所有考试中化合物的命名。然后熟练三种命名算法:(1) 二元离子化合物:阳离子名 + 阴离子带"-ide"后缀;(2) 含多原子离子或过渡金属的离子化合物:阳离子名(必要时加罗马数字)+ 阴离子名;(3) 分子化合物:希腊前缀 + 元素 + "-ide"后缀。读每个速记框掌握规律,然后做例题。
Be able to: (a) name any ionic or molecular compound fluently in both directions (name to formula and formula to name); (b) write the correct Roman numeral for a transition-metal cation by calculating the charge from the anion; (c) distinguish “-ite” from “-ate” polyatomic ions; (d) name acids both as binary hydracids and as oxoacids; (e) apply the criss-cross rule to multi-charge systems including polyatomic ions; (f) name hydrates by counting water molecules. ON SCH3U B2.7 and AB Chemistry 20 GO1 both expect this full scope.能够:(a) 流利地双向命名任何离子或分子化合物(名称→化学式和化学式→名称);(b) 通过从阴离子计算电荷来写出过渡金属阳离子的正确罗马数字;(c) 区分"-ite"和"-ate"多原子离子;(d) 将酸命名为二元氢酸和含氧酸;(e) 对含多原子离子的多价体系应用交叉法;(f) 通过计数水分子命名水合物。安大略 SCH3U B2.7 和阿尔伯塔 Chemistry 20 GO1 都期望你掌握这一完整范围。
Ions, Charges and the Periodic Table离子、电荷与元素周期表
- Cation (positive ion)阳离子(正离子) — formed when a metal loses electrons. Na loses 1 e$^-$ → Na$^+$; Mg loses 2 e$^-$ → Mg$^{2+}$; Al loses 3 e$^-$ → Al$^{3+}$.— 金属失去电子形成。Na 失去 1 e$^-$ → Na$^+$;Mg 失去 2 e$^-$ → Mg$^{2+}$;Al 失去 3 e$^-$ → Al$^{3+}$。
- Anion (negative ion)阴离子(负离子) — formed when a non-metal gains electrons. Cl gains 1 e$^-$ → Cl$^-$; O gains 2 e$^-$ → O$^{2-}$; N gains 3 e$^-$ → N$^{3-}$.— 非金属获得电子形成。Cl 获得 1 e$^-$ → Cl$^-$;O 获得 2 e$^-$ → O$^{2-}$;N 获得 3 e$^-$ → N$^{3-}$。
- Periodic table shortcut for main-group elements:主族元素的元素周期表快捷法: Group 1 → 1+; Group 2 → 2+; Group 13 → 3+; Group 15 → 3−; Group 16 → 2−; Group 17 → 1−. Noble gases (Group 18) form no ions under normal conditions.第 1 族 → 1+;第 2 族 → 2+;第 13 族 → 3+;第 15 族 → 3−;第 16 族 → 2−;第 17 族 → 1−。惰性气体(第 18 族)在正常条件下不形成离子。
- Transition metals过渡金属 can form multiple cations — iron can be Fe$^{2+}$ or Fe$^{3+}$; copper can be Cu$^+$ or Cu$^{2+}$. The charge must be deduced from context or stated explicitly (Roman numerals — §2).可形成多种阳离子——铁可以是 Fe$^{2+}$ 或 Fe$^{3+}$;铜可以是 Cu$^+$ 或 Cu$^{2+}$。电荷必须从上下文推断或明确说明(罗马数字——§2)。
| Group族 | Typical ion典型离子 | Example element示例元素 | Ion离子 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 1+ | Na (sodium / 钠) | Na$^+$ |
| 2 | 2+ | Ca (calcium / 钙) | Ca$^{2+}$ |
| 13 | 3+ | Al (aluminum / 铝) | Al$^{3+}$ |
| 15 | 3− | N (nitrogen / 氮) | N$^{3-}$ |
| 16 | 2− | O (oxygen / 氧) | O$^{2-}$ |
| 17 | 1− | Cl (chlorine / 氯) | Cl$^-$ |
Predict the ions formed by (a) barium (Ba, Group 2), (b) sulfur (S, Group 16), (c) aluminum (Al, Group 13).预测由以下元素形成的离子:(a) 钡(Ba,第 2 族),(b) 硫(S,第 16 族),(c) 铝(Al,第 13 族)。
(a) Barium, Group 2:(a) 钡,第 2 族: loses 2 electrons → Ba$^{2+}$. Called barium ion.失去 2 个电子 → Ba$^{2+}$。称为钡离子。
(b) Sulfur, Group 16:(b) 硫,第 16 族: gains 2 electrons → S$^{2-}$. Called sulfide ion.得到 2 个电子 → S$^{2-}$。称为硫离子(sulfide)。
(c) Aluminum, Group 13:(c) 铝,第 13 族: loses 3 electrons → Al$^{3+}$. Called aluminum ion.失去 3 个电子 → Al$^{3+}$。称为铝离子。
Naming Ionic Compounds (Including Transition-Metal Roman Numerals)离子化合物命名(含过渡金属罗马数字)
- Step 1 — Name the cation第一步 — 命名阳离子
- Main-group metal: use the element name unchanged. Na$^+$ → sodium; Ca$^{2+}$ → calcium; Al$^{3+}$ → aluminum.主族金属:直接使用元素名。Na$^+$ → sodium(钠);Ca$^{2+}$ → calcium(钙);Al$^{3+}$ → aluminum(铝)。
- Transition-metal (variable charge): use element name + Roman numeral in parentheses for the charge. Fe$^{2+}$ → iron(II); Fe$^{3+}$ → iron(III); Cu$^+$ → copper(I); Cu$^{2+}$ → copper(II).过渡金属(可变电荷):使用元素名 + 括号内罗马数字表示电荷。Fe$^{2+}$ → iron(II)(铁(II));Fe$^{3+}$ → iron(III)(铁(III));Cu$^+$ → copper(I)(铜(I));Cu$^{2+}$ → copper(II)(铜(II))。
- Step 2 — Name the anion第二步 — 命名阴离子
- Monatomic anion: take the element root + “-ide”. Cl$^-$ → chloride; O$^{2-}$ → oxide; S$^{2-}$ → sulfide; N$^{3-}$ → nitride; P$^{3-}$ → phosphide.单原子阴离子:取元素词根 + "-ide"(化物)后缀。Cl$^-$ → chloride(氯化物);O$^{2-}$ → oxide(氧化物);S$^{2-}$ → sulfide(硫化物);N$^{3-}$ → nitride(氮化物);P$^{3-}$ → phosphide(磷化物)。
Quick examples:快速示例:
- NaCl → sodium chloride氯化钠
- MgO → magnesium oxide氧化镁
- FeCl$_2$ → iron(II) chloride — Roman numeral because Fe has multiple charges氯化铁(II)(二氯化铁)— 加罗马数字因为 Fe 有多种电荷
- FeCl$_3$ → iron(III) chloride氯化铁(III)(三氯化铁)
Ontario SCH3U B2.7 explicitly includes "compounds with multiple valences" in the naming assessment — that is the Roman-numeral scenario. AB Chemistry 20 GO1 states "recall principles for assigning names to ionic compounds."安大略 SCH3U B2.7 在命名考查中明确包含"多价化合物"——即罗马数字场景。AB Chemistry 20 GO1 要求"回忆离子化合物命名原则"。
Name the following ionic compounds: (a) CaO, (b) CuBr$_2$, (c) Fe$_2$O$_3$.命名以下离子化合物:(a) CaO,(b) CuBr$_2$,(c) Fe$_2$O$_3$。
(a) CaO.(a) CaO。 Ca is Group 2 → Ca$^{2+}$ (main-group, no Roman numeral needed). O is Group 16 → O$^{2-}$ → oxide. Name: calcium oxide.Ca 是第 2 族 → Ca$^{2+}$(主族,无需罗马数字)。O 是第 16 族 → O$^{2-}$ → oxide(氧化物)。名称:氧化钙(calcium oxide)。
(b) CuBr$_2$.(b) CuBr$_2$。 Cu is a transition metal with variable charge. Br$^-$ has charge −1; there are 2 Br$^-$, so total anion charge = −2. The Cu cation must therefore be +2 to give a net zero charge. Cu$^{2+}$ → copper(II). Br$^-$ → bromide. Name: copper(II) bromide.Cu 是可变电荷的过渡金属。Br$^-$ 电荷为 −1;有 2 个 Br$^-$,故阴离子总电荷 = −2。Cu 阳离子因此必须为 +2 使净电荷为零。Cu$^{2+}$ → copper(II)(铜(II))。Br$^-$ → bromide(溴化物)。名称:溴化铜(II)(copper(II) bromide)。
(c) Fe$_2$O$_3$.(c) Fe$_2$O$_3$。 O$^{2-}$; there are 3 oxygens, total anion charge = −6. Two Fe cations must balance: $2 \times \text{Fe charge} = +6$, so Fe charge $= +3$. Fe$^{3+}$ → iron(III). Name: iron(III) oxide.O$^{2-}$;有 3 个氧,阴离子总电荷 = −6。两个 Fe 阳离子必须平衡:$2 \times \text{Fe charge} = +6$,故 Fe 电荷 $= +3$。Fe$^{3+}$ → iron(III)(铁(III))。名称:氧化铁(III)(iron(III) oxide)。
Polyatomic Ions — The Table You Must Memorise多原子离子——必须记忆的表格
"-ate" = more oxygens; "-ite" = fewer oxygens (same charge). The four most tested: sulfate, nitrate, carbonate, phosphate."-ate"= 含氧更多;"-ite"= 含氧较少(电荷相同)。考试最常考的四个:硫酸根、硝酸根、碳酸根、磷酸根。
| Ion离子 | Formula化学式 | Charge电荷 | Chinese name中文名称 |
|---|---|---|---|
| ammonium | NH$_4^+$ | 1+ | 铵根离子 |
| hydroxide | OH$^-$ | 1− | 氢氧根离子 |
| nitrate | NO$_3^-$ | 1− | 硝酸根离子 |
| nitrite | NO$_2^-$ | 1− | 亚硝酸根离子 |
| bicarbonate (hydrogen carbonate) | HCO$_3^-$ | 1− | 碳酸氢根离子 |
| perchlorate | ClO$_4^-$ | 1− | 高氯酸根离子 |
| chlorate | ClO$_3^-$ | 1− | 氯酸根离子 |
| chlorite | ClO$_2^-$ | 1− | 亚氯酸根离子 |
| hypochlorite | ClO$^-$ | 1− | 次氯酸根离子 |
| acetate | CH$_3$COO$^-$ | 1− | 乙酸根(醋酸根)离子 |
| permanganate | MnO$_4^-$ | 1− | 高锰酸根离子 |
| carbonate | CO$_3^{2-}$ | 2− | 碳酸根离子 |
| sulfate | SO$_4^{2-}$ | 2− | 硫酸根离子 |
| sulfite | SO$_3^{2-}$ | 2− | 亚硫酸根离子 |
| thiosulfate | S$_2$O$_3^{2-}$ | 2− | 硫代硫酸根离子 |
| chromate | CrO$_4^{2-}$ | 2− | 铬酸根离子 |
| dichromate | Cr$_2$O$_7^{2-}$ | 2− | 重铬酸根离子 |
| phosphate | PO$_4^{3-}$ | 3− | 磷酸根离子 |
| phosphite | PO$_3^{3-}$ | 3− | 亚磷酸根离子 |
- Na$_2$SO$_4$ → sodium sulfate. (Na$^+$, SO$_4^{2-}$; Na is main-group, no Roman numeral.)Na$_2$SO$_4$ → 硫酸钠(sodium sulfate)。(Na$^+$,SO$_4^{2-}$;Na 是主族,无需罗马数字。)
- Fe(NO$_3$)$_3$ → iron(III) nitrate. (Three NO$_3^-$ give −3; one Fe must be +3.)Fe(NO$_3$)$_3$ → 硝酸铁(III)(iron(III) nitrate)。(三个 NO$_3^-$ 给出 −3;一个 Fe 必须为 +3。)
- NH$_4$Cl → ammonium chloride. (NH$_4^+$ is the only common polyatomic cation.)NH$_4$Cl → 氯化铵(ammonium chloride)。(NH$_4^+$ 是唯一常见的多原子阳离子。)
Naming Molecular (Covalent) Compounds — Greek Prefixes共价化合物命名——希腊语前缀
| Number数量 | Prefix前缀 | Number数量 | Prefix前缀 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | mono- | 6 | hexa- |
| 2 | di- | 7 | hepta- |
| 3 | tri- | 8 | octa- |
| 4 | tetra- | 9 | nona- |
| 5 | penta- | 10 | deca- |
- Rule 1:规则 1: Name the first element with its prefix (omit "mono-" for the first element only). Name the second element with its prefix + "-ide" suffix.用前缀命名第一个元素(仅第一个元素省略"mono-")。用前缀 + "-ide"后缀命名第二个元素。
- Rule 2:规则 2: Drop the trailing vowel of a prefix before a vowel-starting element name (e.g. "mono-" + "oxide" → "monoxide" not "monooxide"; "tetra-" + "oxide" → "tetraoxide").前缀末尾的元音在以元音开头的元素名前省略(例如"mono-" + "oxide" → "monoxide"不是"monooxide";"tetra-" + "oxide" → "tetraoxide"保留 a)。
Examples:示例:
- CO → carbon monoxidecarbon monoxide(一氧化碳)
- CO$_2$ → carbon dioxidecarbon dioxide(二氧化碳)
- N$_2$O$_4$ → dinitrogen tetroxidedinitrogen tetroxide(四氧化二氮)
- PCl$_5$ → phosphorus pentachloridephosphorus pentachloride(五氯化磷)
- SF$_6$ → sulfur hexafluoridesulfur hexafluoride(六氟化硫)
AB Chemistry 20 GO2: "recall principles for assigning names to molecular substances" and "explain why formulas for molecular substances refer to the number of atoms of each constituent element." BC Chemistry 11 embeds naming in "organic compounds: names, structures."AB Chemistry 20 GO2:"回忆分子物质命名原则"以及"解释分子物质化学式为何指各组成元素的原子数"。BC Chemistry 11 将命名嵌入"有机化合物:名称、结构"中。
Name (a) N$_2$O, (b) P$_4$O$_{10}$, (c) Cl$_2$O$_7$.命名:(a) N$_2$O,(b) P$_4$O$_{10}$,(c) Cl$_2$O$_7$。
(a) N$_2$O:(a) N$_2$O: N$_2$ = dinitrogen; O = monoxide (one O, "mono-" kept for the second element). Name: dinitrogen monoxide (common name: nitrous oxide).N$_2$ = dinitrogen(二氮);O = monoxide(一氧,第二元素保留"mono-")。名称:dinitrogen monoxide(一氧化二氮;俗名:笑气)。
(b) P$_4$O$_{10}$:(b) P$_4$O$_{10}$: P$_4$ = tetraphosphorus; O$_{10}$ = decaoxide. Name: tetraphosphorus decaoxide.P$_4$ = tetraphosphorus(四磷);O$_{10}$ = decaoxide(十氧化)。名称:tetraphosphorus decaoxide(十氧化四磷)。
(c) Cl$_2$O$_7$:(c) Cl$_2$O$_7$: Cl$_2$ = dichlorine; O$_7$ = heptaoxide. Name: dichlorine heptaoxide.Cl$_2$ = dichlorine(二氯);O$_7$ = heptaoxide(七氧化)。名称:dichlorine heptaoxide(七氧化二氯)。
Naming Acids酸的命名
- Pattern: "hydro-" + root + "-ic acid"规律:"hydro-" + 词根 + "-ic acid"
- HCl(aq) → hydrochloric acid盐酸(hydrochloric acid)
- HBr(aq) → hydrobromic acid氢溴酸(hydrobromic acid)
- H$_2$S(aq) → hydrosulfuric acid氢硫酸(hydrosulfuric acid)
- HCN(aq) → hydrocyanic acid氢氰酸(hydrocyanic acid)
- "-ate" anion → "-ic acid""-ate"阴离子 → "-ic acid"
- "-ite" anion → "-ous acid""-ite"阴离子 → "-ous acid"
- HNO$_3$ (NO$_3^-$ = nitrate) → nitric acid硝酸(nitric acid)
- HNO$_2$ (NO$_2^-$ = nitrite) → nitrous acid亚硝酸(nitrous acid)
- H$_2$SO$_4$ (SO$_4^{2-}$ = sulfate) → sulfuric acid硫酸(sulfuric acid)
- H$_2$SO$_3$ (SO$_3^{2-}$ = sulfite) → sulfurous acid亚硫酸(sulfurous acid)
- H$_3$PO$_4$ (PO$_4^{3-}$ = phosphate) → phosphoric acid磷酸(phosphoric acid)
AB Chemistry 20 GO2 lists "recall IUPAC nomenclature of acids and bases" as a knowledge outcome. Ontario SCH3U E3.5 covers Arrhenius acids; C2.1 embeds acid names in reaction writing.AB Chemistry 20 GO2 将"回忆酸碱的 IUPAC 命名"列为知识结果。安大略 SCH3U E3.5 涵盖阿伦尼乌斯酸;C2.1 在方程式书写中嵌入酸的命名。
(a) Name HClO$_4$ and HClO$_2$. (b) Write the formula for carbonic acid and phosphorous acid.(a) 命名 HClO$_4$ 和 HClO$_2$。(b) 写出碳酸(carbonic acid)和亚磷酸(phosphorous acid)的化学式。
(a) HClO$_4$:(a) HClO$_4$: Anion is ClO$_4^-$ = perchlorate ("-ate") → perchloric acid. HClO$_2$: anion is ClO$_2^-$ = chlorite ("-ite") → chlorous acid.阴离子为 ClO$_4^-$ = perchlorate("-ate")→ perchloric acid(高氯酸)。HClO$_2$:阴离子为 ClO$_2^-$ = chlorite("-ite")→ chlorous acid(亚氯酸)。
(b) Carbonic acid:(b) 碳酸(carbonic acid): "carbonic" → "-ic" ending → "-ate" anion = carbonate CO$_3^{2-}$. Charge −2 needs 2 H$^+$: H$_2$CO$_3$. Phosphorous acid: "phosphorous" → "-ous" → phosphite PO$_3^{3-}$ (charge −3, needs 3 H$^+$): H$_3$PO$_3$."carbonic"含"-ic" → "-ate"阴离子 = carbonate(碳酸根)CO$_3^{2-}$。电荷 −2 需要 2 个 H$^+$:H$_2$CO$_3$。亚磷酸(phosphorous acid):"phosphorous"含"-ous" → phosphite(亚磷酸根)PO$_3^{3-}$(电荷 −3,需要 3 个 H$^+$):H$_3$PO$_3$。
Going deeper — the logic behind -ate/-ite and -ic/-ous: oxidation state pairs深入 — -ate/-ite 与 -ic/-ous 背后的逻辑:氧化态成对命名体系
The suffix pairs are not arbitrary — they encode the oxidation state of the central non-metal in the oxyanion. Consider the chlorine family of oxyanions: ClO$^-$ (hypochlorite), ClO$_2^-$ (chlorite), ClO$_3^-$ (chlorate), ClO$_4^-$ (perchlorate). Each step up adds one oxygen atom and raises the oxidation state of Cl by $+2$. The "-ite" suffix labels the lower oxidation-state anion in a pair, and "-ate" labels the higher one. Because chlorine can have oxidation states of $+1$, $+3$, $+5$, and $+7$ in these anions, all four levels are named.这套后缀并非任意规定,而是编码了含氧酸根中心非金属元素的氧化态。以氯的含氧酸根系列为例:ClO$^-$(次氯酸根)、ClO$_2^-$(亚氯酸根)、ClO$_3^-$(氯酸根)、ClO$_4^-$(高氯酸根)。每上升一步增加一个氧原子,Cl 的氧化态升高 $+2$。"-ite"后缀标记一对中较低氧化态的酸根,"-ate"标记较高氧化态的酸根。由于氯在这些酸根中可具有 $+1$、$+3$、$+5$、$+7$ 四种氧化态,故四个层级均有命名。
The acid suffix follows directly: an "-ate" anion gives the acid an "-ic" ending; an "-ite" anion gives "-ous." The prefixes "hypo-" (below) and "per-" (beyond) extend the system to the two extremes. In equation form, using chlorine's oxidation state $n$ in ClO$_x^-$:酸的后缀直接随之而来:"-ate"酸根对应酸的"-ic"词尾;"-ite"酸根对应"-ous"词尾。前缀"hypo-"(低于)和"per-"(超过)将体系延伸到两端极值。用氯在 ClO$_x^-$ 中的氧化态 $n$ 表示:
| Anion酸根 | Cl oxidation stateCl 氧化态 | Anion name酸根名称 | Acid酸 |
|---|---|---|---|
| ClO$^-$ | $+1$ | hypochlorite次氯酸根 | hypochlorous acid次氯酸(hypochlorous acid) |
| ClO$_2^-$ | $+3$ | chlorite亚氯酸根 | chlorous acid亚氯酸(chlorous acid) |
| ClO$_3^-$ | $+5$ | chlorate氯酸根 | chloric acid氯酸(chloric acid) |
| ClO$_4^-$ | $+7$ | perchlorate高氯酸根 | perchloric acid高氯酸(perchloric acid) |
The same logic applies to sulfur (SO$_3^{2-}$ / SO$_4^{2-}$), nitrogen (NO$_2^-$ / NO$_3^-$), and phosphorus (PO$_3^{3-}$ / PO$_4^{3-}$) pairs. Recognising the oxidation-state pattern lets you predict the name of any oxyanion or oxyacid you encounter, rather than memorising each entry separately.同样的逻辑适用于硫(SO$_3^{2-}$ / SO$_4^{2-}$)、氮(NO$_2^-$ / NO$_3^-$)和磷(PO$_3^{3-}$ / PO$_4^{3-}$)的成对命名。理解这一氧化态规律,你就能预测遇到的任何含氧酸根或含氧酸的名称,而无需逐条死记。
Writing Chemical Formulae: the Criss-Cross Rule化学式的书写:交叉法
Procedure:步骤:
- Write the cation and anion side by side with their charges: A$^{m+}$ B$^{n-}$.并排写下阳离子和阴离子及其电荷:A$^{m+}$ B$^{n-}$。
- Cross the absolute values of the charges: A gets subscript $n$, B gets subscript $m$ → A$_n$B$_m$.将电荷绝对值交叉:A 得到下标 $n$,B 得到下标 $m$ → A$_n$B$_m$。
- Reduce subscripts to the lowest whole-number ratio if possible (e.g. Ca$_2$O$_2$ → CaO).如可能,将下标化简为最简整数比(例如 Ca$_2$O$_2$ → CaO)。
- Enclose polyatomic ions in parentheses when the subscript is > 1 (e.g. Ca(OH)$_2$, not CaOH$_2$).当多原子离子的下标 > 1 时,用括号括起(例如 Ca(OH)$_2$,不是 CaOH$_2$)。
Quick examples:快速示例:
- Al$^{3+}$ + O$^{2-}$: cross gives Al$_2$O$_3$ — aluminum oxide氧化铝
- Fe$^{3+}$ + SO$_4^{2-}$: cross gives Fe$_2$(SO$_4$)$_3$ — iron(III) sulfate硫酸铁(III)
- Ca$^{2+}$ + Cl$^-$: cross gives Ca$_1$Cl$_2$ = CaCl$_2$ — calcium chloride氯化钙
- Mg$^{2+}$ + O$^{2-}$: cross gives Mg$_2$O$_2$ → reduce → MgO — magnesium oxide氧化镁
AB Chemistry 20 GO1: "explain why formulas for ionic compounds refer to the simplest whole-number ratio of ions that result in a net charge of zero." Ontario SCH3U B2.7 covers binary and polyatomic formula writing.AB Chemistry 20 GO1:"解释为何离子化合物化学式指使净电荷为零的离子的最简整数比。"安大略 SCH3U B2.7 涵盖二元和含多原子离子的化学式书写。
Write the formula for (a) copper(II) phosphate, (b) ammonium carbonate, (c) lead(IV) oxide.写出以下化合物的化学式:(a) 磷酸铜(II)(copper(II) phosphate),(b) 碳酸铵(ammonium carbonate),(c) 氧化铅(IV)(lead(IV) oxide)。
(a) copper(II) phosphate:(a) 磷酸铜(II): Cu$^{2+}$ and PO$_4^{3-}$. Cross: Cu gets subscript 3, PO$_4$ gets subscript 2. Enclose polyatomic: Cu$_3$(PO$_4$)$_2$. Check: $3(+2) + 2(-3) = +6-6 = 0$ ✓.Cu$^{2+}$ 和 PO$_4^{3-}$。交叉:Cu 得下标 3,PO$_4$ 得下标 2。括号括起多原子离子:Cu$_3$(PO$_4$)$_2$。验证:$3(+2) + 2(-3) = +6-6 = 0$ ✓。
(b) ammonium carbonate:(b) 碳酸铵: NH$_4^+$ and CO$_3^{2-}$. Cross: NH$_4$ gets subscript 2, CO$_3$ gets subscript 1. Enclose both if >1: (NH$_4$)$_2$CO$_3$. Check: $2(+1) + 1(-2) = 0$ ✓.NH$_4^+$ 和 CO$_3^{2-}$。交叉:NH$_4$ 得下标 2,CO$_3$ 得下标 1。括号括起:(NH$_4$)$_2$CO$_3$。验证:$2(+1) + 1(-2) = 0$ ✓。
(c) lead(IV) oxide:(c) 氧化铅(IV): Pb$^{4+}$ and O$^{2-}$. Cross: Pb gets subscript 2, O gets subscript 4. Simplify: Pb$_2$O$_4$ → PbO$_2$ (divide by 2). Check: $+4 + 2(-2) = 0$ ✓.Pb$^{4+}$ 和 O$^{2-}$。交叉:Pb 得下标 2,O 得下标 4。化简:Pb$_2$O$_4$ → PbO$_2$(除以 2)。验证:$+4 + 2(-2) = 0$ ✓。
Hydrates and Common (Trivial) Names水合物与俗名
| Formula化学式 | IUPAC nameIUPAC 名称 | Common name俗名 | Chinese name中文名 |
|---|---|---|---|
| CuSO$_4 \cdot 5$H$_2$O | copper(II) sulfate pentahydrate | blue vitriol / blue stone | 蓝矾(硫酸铜晶体) |
| MgSO$_4 \cdot 7$H$_2$O | magnesium sulfate heptahydrate | Epsom salt | 泻盐 |
| Na$_2$SO$_4 \cdot 10$H$_2$O | sodium sulfate decahydrate | Glauber's salt | 芒硝 |
| CaSO$_4 \cdot 2$H$_2$O | calcium sulfate dihydrate | gypsum | 石膏 |
| Na$_2$CO$_3 \cdot 10$H$_2$O | sodium carbonate decahydrate | washing soda | 纯碱晶体(苏打石) |
| CaCl$_2 \cdot 2$H$_2$O | calcium chloride dihydrate | — | 氯化钙二水合物 |
Selected common names you should know:你应该知道的常用俗名:
- NaCl → table salt / halite食盐/岩盐
- NaOH → lye / caustic soda烧碱/苛性钠
- Na$_2$CO$_3$ → washing soda / soda ash纯碱/苏打
- NaHCO$_3$ → baking soda / sodium bicarbonate小苏打(碳酸氢钠)
- Ca(OH)$_2$ → slaked lime / hydrated lime熟石灰/消石灰
- CaCO$_3$ → limestone / marble / chalk石灰石/大理石/白垩
- CaO → quicklime生石灰
- H$_2$O$_2$ → hydrogen peroxide双氧水
- NH$_3$ → ammonia氨气
(a) Name FeSO$_4 \cdot 7$H$_2$O. (b) Write the formula for cobalt(II) chloride hexahydrate.(a) 命名 FeSO$_4 \cdot 7$H$_2$O。(b) 写出氯化钴(II)六水合物(cobalt(II) chloride hexahydrate)的化学式。
(a) FeSO$_4 \cdot 7$H$_2$O:(a) FeSO$_4 \cdot 7$H$_2$O: Step 1: name FeSO$_4$. Fe is a transition metal: SO$_4^{2-}$ has charge −2, so Fe must be +2. Name: iron(II) sulfate. Step 2: 7 water molecules → "hepta-" + "hydrate." Full name: iron(II) sulfate heptahydrate. (Common name: green vitriol / ferrous sulfate.)第一步:命名 FeSO$_4$。Fe 是过渡金属:SO$_4^{2-}$ 电荷 −2,故 Fe 必须为 +2。名称:iron(II) sulfate(硫酸铁(II))。第二步:7 个水分子 → "hepta-" + "hydrate"。全称:iron(II) sulfate heptahydrate(七水合硫酸铁(II))。(俗名:绿矾/硫酸亚铁。)
(b) cobalt(II) chloride hexahydrate:(b) 氯化钴(II)六水合物: cobalt(II) = Co$^{2+}$; chloride = Cl$^-$; criss-cross → CoCl$_2$; hexahydrate → 6H$_2$O. Formula: CoCl$_2 \cdot 6$H$_2$O.cobalt(II)(钴(II))= Co$^{2+}$;chloride(氯化物)= Cl$^-$;交叉法 → CoCl$_2$;hexahydrate(六水合)→ 6H$_2$O。化学式:CoCl$_2 \cdot 6$H$_2$O。
Exam Strategy and Common Pitfalls考试策略与常见陷阱
- Metal + non-metal → ionic.金属 + 非金属 → 离子化合物。 Use the two-step cation/anion naming rule. Add Roman numerals for transition metals.使用阳离子/阴离子两步命名规则。过渡金属加罗马数字。
- Non-metal + non-metal → molecular (usually).非金属 + 非金属 → 共价化合物(通常)。 Use Greek prefixes. No Roman numerals. Exception: NH$_4^+$ and polyatomic ions in ionic compounds.使用希腊语前缀。不用罗马数字。例外:NH$_4^+$ 和离子化合物中的多原子离子。
- Acid in water → acid naming rules.水中的酸 → 酸的命名规则。 "Hydro-…-ic" for no oxygen; "-ic acid" for "-ate" anion; "-ous acid" for "-ite" anion.无氧用"hydro-…-ic";"-ate"阴离子用"-ic acid";"-ite"阴离子用"-ous acid"。
- Read the anion first.先读阴离子。 Count the total anion charge (number of anions × charge each). The cation must supply the equal and opposite charge.计算阴离子总电荷(阴离子数量 × 各自电荷)。阳离子必须提供相等且相反的电荷。
- Example: Cr$_2$O$_3$.示例:Cr$_2$O$_3$。 3 × O$^{2-}$ = −6 total. Two Cr must supply +6 total, so each Cr = +3. Roman numeral: III. Name: chromium(III) oxide.3 × O$^{2-}$ = −6 总计。两个 Cr 必须提供 +6 总计,故每个 Cr = +3。罗马数字:III。名称:chromium(III) oxide(氧化铬(III))。
- No Roman numeral for main-group metals.主族金属不加罗马数字。 Na, K, Mg, Ca, Al always have their group-charge; no ambiguity, no Roman numeral.Na、K、Mg、Ca、Al 始终具有其族电荷;无歧义,不加罗马数字。
- Always simplify.始终化简。 If criss-cross gives Ca$_2$O$_2$, simplify to CaO. If it gives Al$_3$N$_3$, simplify to AlN.如果交叉法得到 Ca$_2$O$_2$,化简为 CaO。如果得到 Al$_3$N$_3$,化简为 AlN。
- Bracket polyatomic ions before adding subscripts.加下标前先给多原子离子加括号。 Ca$^{2+}$ + NO$_3^-$: criss-cross gives Ca(NO$_3$)$_2$, not CaN$_2$O$_6$. The bracket preserves the integrity of the polyatomic ion.Ca$^{2+}$ + NO$_3^-$:交叉法给出 Ca(NO$_3$)$_2$,而不是 CaN$_2$O$_6$。括号保持多原子离子的完整性。
- Check charge balance.检验电荷平衡。 After writing any formula, verify: sum of all cation charges + sum of all anion charges = 0. This is a foolproof error-catcher.写完任何化学式后,验证:所有阳离子电荷之和 + 所有阴离子电荷之和 = 0。这是万无一失的错误排查法。
- Nick the Camel had a Cute Nose.尼克骆驼有个可爱鼻子(Nick the Camel has a Cute Nose)。 Nitrate NO$_3^-$, Carbonate CO$_3^{2-}$, Chromate CrO$_4^{2-}$, Nitrite NO$_2^-$. Pair each with its "-ite" version (one fewer oxygen, same charge).硝酸根 NO$_3^-$、碳酸根 CO$_3^{2-}$、铬酸根 CrO$_4^{2-}$、亚硝酸根 NO$_2^-$。将每个与其"-ite"版本(少一个氧,相同电荷)配对。
- Sulfate vs sulfite.硫酸根与亚硫酸根。 Sulfate SO$_4^{2-}$ (4 oxygens, "-ate"); sulfite SO$_3^{2-}$ (3 oxygens, "-ite"). Same logic for phosphate/phosphite, chlorate/chlorite.硫酸根 SO$_4^{2-}$(4 个氧,"-ate");亚硫酸根 SO$_3^{2-}$(3 个氧,"-ite")。磷酸根/亚磷酸根、氯酸根/亚氯酸根同理。
- NH$_4^+$ is the only common polyatomic cation.NH$_4^+$ 是唯一常见的多原子阳离子。 Treat it exactly like a main-group metal cation: no Roman numeral, fixed charge +1.完全像主族金属阳离子一样处理:不加罗马数字,固定电荷 +1。
Flashcards闪卡
Practice Quiz综合测验
Readiness Checklist准备就绪清单
Tick each item when you can do it cold, without notes, on a first attempt.能在无笔记、首次尝试下完成,再勾选每一项。
- Predict the ionic charge of any main-group element from its group number (Groups 1, 2, 13, 15, 16, 17) and explain why transition metals require a Roman numeral. 🇨🇦 SCH3U B2.7 / AB Chem 20 GO1从族数预测任何主族元素的离子电荷(第 1、2、13、15、16、17 族),并解释为何过渡金属需要罗马数字。🇨🇦 SCH3U B2.7 / AB Chem 20 GO1
- Name any binary ionic compound (metal + non-metal) correctly using the two-step cation/anion rule, including transition-metal Roman numerals deduced from the formula. 🇨🇦 SCH3U B2.7 / AB Chem 20 GO1使用阳离子/阴离子两步规则正确命名任何二元离子化合物(金属 + 非金属),包括从化学式推导的过渡金属罗马数字。🇨🇦 SCH3U B2.7 / AB Chem 20 GO1
- Write the name and formula of at least 12 polyatomic ions from memory, including ammonium, hydroxide, nitrate/nitrite, carbonate, sulfate/sulfite, phosphate, and dichromate. 🇨🇦 SCH3U B2.7 / BC Chemistry 11从记忆中写出至少 12 种多原子离子的名称和化学式,包括铵根、氢氧根、硝酸根/亚硝酸根、碳酸根、硫酸根/亚硫酸根、磷酸根和重铬酸根。🇨🇦 SCH3U B2.7 / BC Chemistry 11
- Name ionic compounds containing polyatomic ions (e.g. iron(III) nitrate, ammonium sulfate), using the two-step rule. Correctly bracket the polyatomic ion when the subscript is > 1. 🇨🇦 SCH3U B2.7 / AB Chem 20 GO1使用两步规则命名含多原子离子的离子化合物(例如:硝酸铁(III)、硫酸铵)。当下标 > 1 时,正确用括号括起多原子离子。🇨🇦 SCH3U B2.7 / AB Chem 20 GO1
- Name any molecular (covalent) compound using Greek prefixes, omitting "mono-" for the first element only, and adding "-ide" to the second element's root. 🇨🇦 AB Chem 20 GO2 / BC Chemistry 11使用希腊语前缀命名任何共价化合物,仅对第一个元素省略"mono-",并在第二个元素词根上加"-ide"后缀。🇨🇦 AB Chem 20 GO2 / BC Chemistry 11
- Name binary acids (hydracid pattern: "hydro-…-ic acid") and oxyacids ("-ate" → "-ic acid"; "-ite" → "-ous acid"), and write their formulas from the name. 🇨🇦 SCH3U E3.5 / AB Chem 20 GO2命名二元氢酸("hydro-…-ic acid"规律)和含氧酸("-ate" → "-ic acid";"-ite" → "-ous acid"),并根据名称写出化学式。🇨🇦 SCH3U E3.5 / AB Chem 20 GO2
- Apply the criss-cross method to write the formula of any ionic compound (including those with polyatomic ions), reduce to the simplest ratio, and verify by charge balance. 🇨🇦 SCH3U B2.7 / AB Chem 20 GO1应用交叉法书写任何离子化合物(包括含多原子离子的)的化学式,化简为最简比,并通过电荷平衡验证。🇨🇦 SCH3U B2.7 / AB Chem 20 GO1
- Name hydrates using the Greek-prefix + "hydrate" pattern, and write their formulas from the IUPAC name. Know CuSO$_4 \cdot 5$H$_2$O (blue vitriol), MgSO$_4 \cdot 7$H$_2$O (Epsom salt), and Na$_2$SO$_4 \cdot 10$H$_2$O (Glauber's salt). 🇨🇦 SCH3U B2.7 / BC Chemistry 11使用希腊语前缀 + "hydrate"规律命名水合物,并根据 IUPAC 名称写出化学式。知道 CuSO$_4 \cdot 5$H$_2$O(蓝矾)、MgSO$_4 \cdot 7$H$_2$O(泻盐)和 Na$_2$SO$_4 \cdot 10$H$_2$O(芒硝)。🇨🇦 SCH3U B2.7 / BC Chemistry 11
- Identify NaOH (lye), Na$_2$CO$_3$ (washing soda/soda ash), NaHCO$_3$ (baking soda), Ca(OH)$_2$ (slaked lime), CaO (quicklime), CaCO$_3$ (limestone) by both IUPAC and common name. 🇨🇦 SCH3U C3.3 / BC Chemistry 11通过 IUPAC 名称和俗名同时识别 NaOH(烧碱)、Na$_2$CO$_3$(纯碱/苏打)、NaHCO$_3$(小苏打)、Ca(OH)$_2$(熟石灰)、CaO(生石灰)、CaCO$_3$(石灰石)。🇨🇦 SCH3U C3.3 / BC Chemistry 11
- Fluently convert in both directions: given a name, write the formula; given a formula, write the name — for ionic compounds, molecular compounds, acids, and hydrates. 🇺🇸 NGSS HS-PS1-2 / 🇨🇦 SCH3U C2.2双向流利转换:给定名称写出化学式;给定化学式写出名称——适用于离子化合物、共价化合物、酸和水合物。🇺🇸 NGSS HS-PS1-2 / 🇨🇦 SCH3U C2.2
- Distinguish when to use ionic naming (metal + non-metal or polyatomic) vs molecular naming (non-metal + non-metal) vs acid naming, and never mix Roman numerals with Greek prefixes. 🇨🇦 SCH3U B2.7 / AB Chem 20区分何时使用离子命名(金属 + 非金属或多原子)、共价化合物命名(非金属 + 非金属)与酸命名,绝不混用罗马数字与希腊语前缀。🇨🇦 SCH3U B2.7 / AB Chem 20
What This Feeds Into本单元的去向
Nomenclature is the language of chemistry. Every unit that follows — chemical reactions and equations, stoichiometry, solutions, acids and bases, organic chemistry — depends on your ability to read a compound name and write the correct formula, and vice versa. Without fluent naming, you cannot write a balanced equation, read a lab data sheet, or interpret a question. The cross-references below point at the college-credit feeder where nomenclature is assumed, and the next High School Chemistry units that build directly on this foundation.命名法是化学的语言。后续每一个单元——化学反应与方程式、化学计量学、溶液、酸碱、有机化学——都依赖于你阅读化合物名称并写出正确化学式的能力,反之亦然。没有流利的命名能力,你就无法书写平衡方程式、阅读实验数据表或解读试题。以下链接指向假设已掌握命名法的大学学分衔接课程,以及直接建立在本基础上的后续高中化学单元。
Within High School Chemistry.在 HS Chemistry 内部。
The Mole and Stoichiometry (Unit 5) requires you to read formulae to determine molar masses and write balanced equations by name. Chemical Reactions and Equations (Unit 6) names every product and reactant — ionic, molecular, and acid. Solutions and Solubility (Unit 8) uses ionic compound names in dissociation equations. Acids, Bases and pH (Unit 9) builds directly on the acid-naming system from §5 of this guide.摩尔与化学计量学(第 5 单元)要求你阅读化学式以确定摩尔质量并按名称书写平衡方程式。化学反应与方程式(第 6 单元)命名每一个产物和反应物——离子的、共价的和酸的。溶液与溶解度(第 8 单元)在解离方程式中使用离子化合物名称。酸碱与 pH(第 9 单元)直接建立在本指南 §5 的酸命名体系之上。
College-credit feeder and cross-subject link.大学学分衔接与跨学科链接。
IB Chemistry HL and AP Chemistry both assume fluent IUPAC naming from the first week. IB Structure 2 requires you to write Lewis structures and name molecules using precisely the ionic and molecular compound formulae built in §6 of this guide. AP Chemistry Unit 1 uses compound names throughout stoichiometry and periodicity. Ontario SCH4U B2.2 (organic IUPAC) and Alberta Chemistry 30 Unit C (organic naming) are direct extensions of the naming foundation here — the Greek-prefix and functional-group patterns in organic chemistry are the same system scaled to carbon chains.IB Chemistry HL 和 AP Chemistry 从第一周就默认你流利掌握 IUPAC 命名法。IB Structure 2 要求你书写路易斯结构,并使用本指南 §6 中构建的精确离子和分子化合物化学式命名分子。AP Chemistry Unit 1 在化学计量学和周期性中全程使用化合物名称。安大略 SCH4U B2.2(有机 IUPAC)和阿尔伯塔 Chemistry 30 C 单元(有机命名)是本命名基础的直接延伸——有机化学中的希腊前缀和官能团规律与这里的体系相同,只是延伸到了碳链。