High School Chemistry

Nomenclature and Chemical Formulae命名法与化学式

Chemistry is a language, and naming compounds is its grammar. This guide builds the complete system: from ionic charges and the periodic table, through binary and ternary ionic compounds (including transition-metal Roman numerals), to the polyatomic ion table every student must memorise, then to molecular compound prefix naming, acid nomenclature, the criss-cross method for writing formulae, and finally hydrates and common trivial names. Mastering this unit means you can fluently convert between a name and a formula in either direction — a skill every subsequent unit of chemistry depends on.化学是一种语言,化合物命名就是它的语法。本指南构建完整体系:从离子(ion,离子)电荷与元素周期表出发,经过二元和三元离子化合物(ionic compound,离子化合物,含过渡金属罗马数字),到每位学生必须记忆的多原子离子(polyatomic ion,多原子离子)表,再到共价化合物(covalent compound,共价化合物)前缀命名法、酸(acid,酸)的命名,用交叉法书写化学式(chemical formula,化学式),最后落脚于水合物(hydrate,水合物)和常用俗名。掌握本单元意味着你能流利地在名称与化学式之间双向转换——这是后续每个化学单元都依赖的技能。

7 sections7 节内容 ON SCH3U · BC Chem 11 · AB Chem 20ON SCH3U · BC 11 · AB Chem 20 US NGSS: foundational skill (no dedicated PE)US NGSS:基础技能(无专属考查点)

How to use this guide如何使用本指南

Nomenclature is the one chemistry skill that is foundational to everything else: you cannot balance equations, read a data sheet, or write a lab report without knowing compound names and formulae. The four curricula agree on core content — ionic naming (including transition metals), molecular prefix naming, and formula-writing — but diverge on how explicitly they assess it. Ontario SCH3U B2.7 is the most precise citation: it names the skill verbatim. BC embeds it inside reaction and organic content; Alberta makes it a recall outcome in Chemistry 20 Unit A. The US NGSS has no dedicated PE, but treats naming as an implicit prerequisite for every PE that involves compounds.命名法是化学所有内容的基础:不知道化合物名称与化学式,你就无法平衡方程式、阅读数据表或撰写实验报告。四套大纲在核心内容上一致——离子化合物命名(含过渡金属)、分子化合物前缀命名和化学式书写——但在如何明确考查上有分歧。安大略 SCH3U B2.7 是最精确的引用:它逐字命名了这项技能。BC 将其嵌入反应和有机内容中;阿尔伯塔在 Chemistry 20 A 单元中将其作为回忆结果。US NGSS 无专属 PE,但将命名视为每个涉及化合物的 PE 的隐式先修要求。

If you are in…如果你在… Focus on these sections重点学习 Notes说明 Source依据
🇺🇸 US NGSS HS Chemistry美国 NGSS 高中化学 All 7 sections as implicit skill work. No standalone assessed PE — but every reaction, stoichiometry, and bonding unit you encounter assumes fluent naming.全部 7 节作为隐式技能训练。无独立评估 PE——但你遇到的每个反应、化学计量和成键单元都默认你命名流利。 No dedicated PE; naming is folded into HS-PS1-2 and HS-PS1-7 work.无专属 PE;命名法折叠进 HS-PS1-2 和 HS-PS1-7 的学习中。 NGSS HS-PS1 (Chemistry)
🇨🇦 ON SNC2D / SCH3U安大略 SNC2D / SCH3U All 7 sections. SCH3U B2.7 is the primary citation; C2.2 requires IUPAC naming in balanced equations. Transition-metal Roman-numeral naming (§2) and polyatomic ions (§3) are assessed.全部 7 节。SCH3U B2.7 是主要引用;C2.2 要求在平衡方程式中使用 IUPAC 命名。过渡金属罗马数字命名(§2)和多原子离子(§3)被明确考查。 B2.7 explicitly names "multiple valences" — iron(II)/iron(III) naming is assessed.B2.7 明确提到"多价化合物"——铁(II)/铁(III)命名被评估。 Ontario SCH3U/4U Chemistry — SCH3U B2.7, C2.2— SCH3U B2.7,C2.2
🇨🇦 BC Science 10 / Chemistry 11BC Science 10 / Chemistry 11 All 7 sections. Naming is embedded in "reactions" and "organic compounds: names, structures" content. BC Chemistry 11 uses IUPAC names throughout stoichiometry, organic, and solubility units.全部 7 节。命名法嵌入在"反应"和"有机化合物:名称、结构"内容中。BC Chemistry 11 在化学计量、有机和溶解度各单元中全程使用 IUPAC 命名法。 No standalone content bullet; naming is a prerequisite competency for all other BC content.无单独内容条目;命名法是所有其他 BC 内容的先修能力。 BC Chemistry 11/12
🇨🇦 AB Science 10 / Chemistry 20阿尔伯塔 Science 10 / Chemistry 20 All 7 sections. Chemistry 20 Unit A GO1 explicitly lists "recall principles for assigning names to ionic compounds" and GO2 lists "recall principles for assigning names to molecular substances" as knowledge outcomes.全部 7 节。Chemistry 20 A 单元 GO1 明确列出"回忆离子化合物命名原则",GO2 列出"回忆分子物质命名原则"作为知识结果。 Alberta also links naming to formula-writing: "explain why formulas for ionic compounds refer to the simplest whole-number ratio."阿尔伯塔还将命名与化学式书写联系起来:"解释为何离子化合物化学式指的是最简整数比。" Alberta Chemistry 20/30 — Chem 20 Unit A GO1/GO2— Chem 20 A 单元 GO1/GO2
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If you are cramming the night before如果你在临阵磨枪

Memorise the polyatomic ion table (§3) first — it unlocks naming for almost every compound on a test. Then drill the three naming algorithms: (1) ionic binary: cation name + anion with “-ide”; (2) ionic polyatomic or transition-metal: cation name (Roman numeral if needed) + anion name; (3) molecular: Greek prefix + element + “-ide”. Read every cram-cheat box for the pattern, then do the worked examples.先背多原子离子表(§3)——它解锁了几乎所有考试中化合物的命名。然后熟练三种命名算法:(1) 二元离子化合物:阳离子名 + 阴离子带"-ide"后缀;(2) 含多原子离子或过渡金属的离子化合物:阳离子名(必要时加罗马数字)+ 阴离子名;(3) 分子化合物:希腊前缀 + 元素 + "-ide"后缀。读每个速记框掌握规律,然后做例题。

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If you are going for the top mark如果你目标顶分

Be able to: (a) name any ionic or molecular compound fluently in both directions (name to formula and formula to name); (b) write the correct Roman numeral for a transition-metal cation by calculating the charge from the anion; (c) distinguish “-ite” from “-ate” polyatomic ions; (d) name acids both as binary hydracids and as oxoacids; (e) apply the criss-cross rule to multi-charge systems including polyatomic ions; (f) name hydrates by counting water molecules. ON SCH3U B2.7 and AB Chemistry 20 GO1 both expect this full scope.能够:(a) 流利地双向命名任何离子或分子化合物(名称→化学式和化学式→名称);(b) 通过从阴离子计算电荷来写出过渡金属阳离子的正确罗马数字;(c) 区分"-ite"和"-ate"多原子离子;(d) 将酸命名为二元氢酸和含氧酸;(e) 对含多原子离子的多价体系应用交叉法;(f) 通过计数水分子命名水合物。安大略 SCH3U B2.7 和阿尔伯塔 Chemistry 20 GO1 都期望你掌握这一完整范围。


Ions, Charges and the Periodic Table离子、电荷与元素周期表

An ion is an atom or group of atoms that has gained or lost electrons. Charge = #protons − #electrons.离子(ion)是得到或失去电子的原子或原子团。电荷 = 质子数 − 电子数。
  • Cation (positive ion)阳离子(正离子) — formed when a metal loses electrons. Na loses 1 e$^-$ → Na$^+$; Mg loses 2 e$^-$ → Mg$^{2+}$; Al loses 3 e$^-$ → Al$^{3+}$.— 金属失去电子形成。Na 失去 1 e$^-$ → Na$^+$;Mg 失去 2 e$^-$ → Mg$^{2+}$;Al 失去 3 e$^-$ → Al$^{3+}$。
  • Anion (negative ion)阴离子(负离子) — formed when a non-metal gains electrons. Cl gains 1 e$^-$ → Cl$^-$; O gains 2 e$^-$ → O$^{2-}$; N gains 3 e$^-$ → N$^{3-}$.— 非金属获得电子形成。Cl 获得 1 e$^-$ → Cl$^-$;O 获得 2 e$^-$ → O$^{2-}$;N 获得 3 e$^-$ → N$^{3-}$。
  • Periodic table shortcut for main-group elements:主族元素的元素周期表快捷法: Group 1 → 1+; Group 2 → 2+; Group 13 → 3+; Group 15 → 3−; Group 16 → 2−; Group 17 → 1−. Noble gases (Group 18) form no ions under normal conditions.第 1 族 → 1+;第 2 族 → 2+;第 13 族 → 3+;第 15 族 → 3−;第 16 族 → 2−;第 17 族 → 1−。惰性气体(第 18 族)在正常条件下不形成离子。
  • Transition metals过渡金属 can form multiple cations — iron can be Fe$^{2+}$ or Fe$^{3+}$; copper can be Cu$^+$ or Cu$^{2+}$. The charge must be deduced from context or stated explicitly (Roman numerals — §2).可形成多种阳离子——铁可以是 Fe$^{2+}$ 或 Fe$^{3+}$;铜可以是 Cu$^+$ 或 Cu$^{2+}$。电荷必须从上下文推断或明确说明(罗马数字——§2)。
GroupTypical ion典型离子Example element示例元素Ion离子
11+Na (sodium / 钠)Na$^+$
22+Ca (calcium / 钙)Ca$^{2+}$
133+Al (aluminum / 铝)Al$^{3+}$
153−N (nitrogen / 氮)N$^{3-}$
162−O (oxygen / 氧)O$^{2-}$
171−Cl (chlorine / 氯)Cl$^-$
Worked Example 1 · Finding the ion charge from position例题 1 · 从元素位置确定离子电荷

Predict the ions formed by (a) barium (Ba, Group 2), (b) sulfur (S, Group 16), (c) aluminum (Al, Group 13).预测由以下元素形成的离子:(a) 钡(Ba,第 2 族),(b) 硫(S,第 16 族),(c) 铝(Al,第 13 族)。

(a) Barium, Group 2:(a) 钡,第 2 族: loses 2 electrons → Ba$^{2+}$. Called barium ion.失去 2 个电子 → Ba$^{2+}$。称为钡离子。

(b) Sulfur, Group 16:(b) 硫,第 16 族: gains 2 electrons → S$^{2-}$. Called sulfide ion.得到 2 个电子 → S$^{2-}$。称为硫离子(sulfide)。

(c) Aluminum, Group 13:(c) 铝,第 13 族: loses 3 electrons → Al$^{3+}$. Called aluminum ion.失去 3 个电子 → Al$^{3+}$。称为铝离子。

Phosphorus (P) is in Group 15. What ion does it typically form?磷(P)位于第 15 族。它通常形成什么离子?
§1 · Q1
P$^{2+}$P$^{2+}$
P$^{3+}$P$^{3+}$
P$^{3-}$P$^{3-}$
P$^{2-}$P$^{2-}$
Group 15 non-metals gain 3 electrons to achieve a full outer shell, forming a 3− ion. Phosphorus forms P$^{3-}$ (phosphide ion), just as nitrogen forms N$^{3-}$ (nitride ion).第 15 族非金属得到 3 个电子以达到外层充满,形成 3− 离子。磷形成 P$^{3-}$(磷化物离子),正如氮形成 N$^{3-}$(氮化物离子)。
Non-metals in Group 15 gain electrons (they don't lose them like metals). They need 3 electrons to fill their outer shell, giving a 3− charge, not a positive charge.第 15 族非金属获得电子(不像金属那样失去电子)。它们需要 3 个电子填满外层,给出 3− 电荷,而非正电荷。
Why can iron form both Fe$^{2+}$ and Fe$^{3+}$, while sodium can only form Na$^+$?为什么铁可以形成 Fe$^{2+}$ 和 Fe$^{3+}$ 两种离子,而钠只能形成 Na$^+$?
§1 · Q2
Iron has more neutrons铁的中子数更多
Iron is a transition metal with incompletely filled d subshells that can lose different numbers of electrons铁是过渡金属,d 亚壳层未完全充满,可以失去不同数量的电子
Iron is in a higher period than sodium铁所在的周期比钠高
Iron has higher electronegativity铁的电负性更高
Transition metals have partially filled d subshells. Iron ([Ar] 3d$^6$ 4s$^2$) can lose 2 electrons (from 4s) to give Fe$^{2+}$, or 3 electrons (from 4s and one 3d) to give Fe$^{3+}$. Main-group metals like sodium have only one sensible ionisation path (losing all their valence electrons to expose a noble-gas core).过渡金属有部分充满的 d 亚壳层。铁([Ar] 3d$^6$ 4s$^2$)可以失去 2 个电子(从 4s)形成 Fe$^{2+}$,或失去 3 个电子(从 4s 和一个 3d)形成 Fe$^{3+}$。像钠这样的主族金属只有一条合理的电离路径(失去所有价电子以露出惰性气体核)。
The variable charge of transition metals comes from their incompletely filled d orbitals, not neutrons, period, or electronegativity. Main-group metals like Na have a fixed, predictable charge from their group number.过渡金属的可变电荷来自其未完全充满的 d 轨道,而非中子数、周期或电负性。像 Na 这样的主族金属有从族数得出的固定、可预测的电荷。

Naming Ionic Compounds (Including Transition-Metal Roman Numerals)离子化合物命名(含过渡金属罗马数字)

Two-step algorithm: name the cation, then name the anion.两步算法:先命名阳离子,再命名阴离子。
  • Step 1 — Name the cation第一步 — 命名阳离子
    • Main-group metal: use the element name unchanged. Na$^+$ → sodium; Ca$^{2+}$ → calcium; Al$^{3+}$ → aluminum.主族金属:直接使用元素名。Na$^+$ → sodium(钠);Ca$^{2+}$ → calcium(钙);Al$^{3+}$ → aluminum(铝)。
    • Transition-metal (variable charge): use element name + Roman numeral in parentheses for the charge. Fe$^{2+}$ → iron(II); Fe$^{3+}$ → iron(III); Cu$^+$ → copper(I); Cu$^{2+}$ → copper(II).过渡金属(可变电荷):使用元素名 + 括号内罗马数字表示电荷。Fe$^{2+}$ → iron(II)(铁(II));Fe$^{3+}$ → iron(III)(铁(III));Cu$^+$ → copper(I)(铜(I));Cu$^{2+}$ → copper(II)(铜(II))。
  • Step 2 — Name the anion第二步 — 命名阴离子
    • Monatomic anion: take the element root + “-ide”. Cl$^-$ → chloride; O$^{2-}$ → oxide; S$^{2-}$ → sulfide; N$^{3-}$ → nitride; P$^{3-}$ → phosphide.单原子阴离子:取元素词根 + "-ide"(化物)后缀。Cl$^-$ → chloride(氯化物);O$^{2-}$ → oxide(氧化物);S$^{2-}$ → sulfide(硫化物);N$^{3-}$ → nitride(氮化物);P$^{3-}$ → phosphide(磷化物)。

Quick examples:快速示例:

  • NaCl → sodium chloride氯化钠
  • MgO → magnesium oxide氧化镁
  • FeCl$_2$ → iron(II) chloride — Roman numeral because Fe has multiple charges氯化铁(II)(二氯化铁)— 加罗马数字因为 Fe 有多种电荷
  • FeCl$_3$ → iron(III) chloride氯化铁(III)(三氯化铁)

Ontario SCH3U B2.7 explicitly includes "compounds with multiple valences" in the naming assessment — that is the Roman-numeral scenario. AB Chemistry 20 GO1 states "recall principles for assigning names to ionic compounds."安大略 SCH3U B2.7 在命名考查中明确包含"多价化合物"——即罗马数字场景。AB Chemistry 20 GO1 要求"回忆离子化合物命名原则"。

Worked Example 2 · Naming ionic compounds and deducing Roman numerals例题 2 · 命名离子化合物并推断罗马数字

Name the following ionic compounds: (a) CaO, (b) CuBr$_2$, (c) Fe$_2$O$_3$.命名以下离子化合物:(a) CaO,(b) CuBr$_2$,(c) Fe$_2$O$_3$。

(a) CaO.(a) CaO。 Ca is Group 2 → Ca$^{2+}$ (main-group, no Roman numeral needed). O is Group 16 → O$^{2-}$ → oxide. Name: calcium oxide.Ca 是第 2 族 → Ca$^{2+}$(主族,无需罗马数字)。O 是第 16 族 → O$^{2-}$ → oxide(氧化物)。名称:氧化钙(calcium oxide)

(b) CuBr$_2$.(b) CuBr$_2$。 Cu is a transition metal with variable charge. Br$^-$ has charge −1; there are 2 Br$^-$, so total anion charge = −2. The Cu cation must therefore be +2 to give a net zero charge. Cu$^{2+}$ → copper(II). Br$^-$ → bromide. Name: copper(II) bromide.Cu 是可变电荷的过渡金属。Br$^-$ 电荷为 −1;有 2 个 Br$^-$,故阴离子总电荷 = −2。Cu 阳离子因此必须为 +2 使净电荷为零。Cu$^{2+}$ → copper(II)(铜(II))。Br$^-$ → bromide(溴化物)。名称:溴化铜(II)(copper(II) bromide)

(c) Fe$_2$O$_3$.(c) Fe$_2$O$_3$。 O$^{2-}$; there are 3 oxygens, total anion charge = −6. Two Fe cations must balance: $2 \times \text{Fe charge} = +6$, so Fe charge $= +3$. Fe$^{3+}$ → iron(III). Name: iron(III) oxide.O$^{2-}$;有 3 个氧,阴离子总电荷 = −6。两个 Fe 阳离子必须平衡:$2 \times \text{Fe charge} = +6$,故 Fe 电荷 $= +3$。Fe$^{3+}$ → iron(III)(铁(III))。名称:氧化铁(III)(iron(III) oxide)

What is the correct name for MnO$_2$?MnO$_2$ 的正确名称是什么?
§2 · Q1
manganese oxidemanganese oxide(氧化锰)
manganese(I) oxidemanganese(I) oxide(氧化锰(I))
manganese(IV) oxidemanganese(IV) oxide(氧化锰(IV))
dimanganese dioxidedimanganese dioxide(二氧化二锰)
O$^{2-}$, and there are 2 oxygens: total anion charge = −4. One Mn must supply +4 to balance. Mn$^{4+}$ → manganese(IV). Full name: manganese(IV) oxide. The Roman numeral is required because Mn is a transition metal with multiple possible charges.O$^{2-}$,有 2 个氧:阴离子总电荷 = −4。一个 Mn 必须提供 +4 来平衡。Mn$^{4+}$ → manganese(IV)(锰(IV))。全称:manganese(IV) oxide(氧化锰(IV))。罗马数字是必须的,因为 Mn 是具有多种可能电荷的过渡金属。
Manganese is a transition metal, so its charge must be determined and stated with a Roman numeral. Two O$^{2-}$ give a total of −4; Mn must be +4 to give net zero. That is Mn(IV), so the name is manganese(IV) oxide.锰是过渡金属,必须确定其电荷并用罗马数字说明。两个 O$^{2-}$ 共给出 −4;Mn 必须为 +4 使净电荷为零。这就是 Mn(IV),所以名称是 manganese(IV) oxide(氧化锰(IV))。
Which of the following does NOT require a Roman numeral in its name?以下哪种化合物命名时不需要罗马数字?
§2 · Q2
CaCl$_2$CaCl$_2$
CuCl$_2$CuCl$_2$
SnOSnO
PbSPbS
Ca is Group 2 and always forms Ca$^{2+}$ — it has only one possible ionic charge. CaCl$_2$ is unambiguously calcium chloride with no Roman numeral needed. Cu, Sn, and Pb are transition/post-transition metals that can have multiple charges, so they need a Roman numeral.Ca 是第 2 族,始终形成 Ca$^{2+}$——它只有一种可能的离子电荷。CaCl$_2$ 毫无歧义地是氯化钙,无需罗马数字。Cu、Sn 和 Pb 是可以有多种电荷的过渡/后过渡金属,所以需要罗马数字。
Main-group metals (Groups 1, 2, and Al in Group 13) have predictable, fixed charges — no Roman numeral needed. Transition metals (Cu, Fe, Mn) and post-transition metals like Sn and Pb have variable charges and require Roman numerals.主族金属(第 1、2 族以及第 13 族的 Al)具有可预测的固定电荷——不需要罗马数字。过渡金属(Cu、Fe、Mn)以及 Sn 和 Pb 等后过渡金属具有可变电荷,需要罗马数字。

Polyatomic Ions — The Table You Must Memorise多原子离子——必须记忆的表格

A polyatomic ion is a charged group of atoms that behaves as a single ion. You must know these; they are not predictable from first principles.多原子离子(polyatomic ion)是作为单一离子的带电原子团。这些必须记住;它们无法从第一原理预测。

"-ate" = more oxygens; "-ite" = fewer oxygens (same charge). The four most tested: sulfate, nitrate, carbonate, phosphate."-ate"= 含氧更多;"-ite"= 含氧较少(电荷相同)。考试最常考的四个:硫酸根、硝酸根、碳酸根、磷酸根。

Ion离子 Formula化学式 Charge电荷 Chinese name中文名称
ammoniumNH$_4^+$1+铵根离子
hydroxideOH$^-$1−氢氧根离子
nitrateNO$_3^-$1−硝酸根离子
nitriteNO$_2^-$1−亚硝酸根离子
bicarbonate (hydrogen carbonate)HCO$_3^-$1−碳酸氢根离子
perchlorateClO$_4^-$1−高氯酸根离子
chlorateClO$_3^-$1−氯酸根离子
chloriteClO$_2^-$1−亚氯酸根离子
hypochloriteClO$^-$1−次氯酸根离子
acetateCH$_3$COO$^-$1−乙酸根(醋酸根)离子
permanganateMnO$_4^-$1−高锰酸根离子
carbonateCO$_3^{2-}$2−碳酸根离子
sulfateSO$_4^{2-}$2−硫酸根离子
sulfiteSO$_3^{2-}$2−亚硫酸根离子
thiosulfateS$_2$O$_3^{2-}$2−硫代硫酸根离子
chromateCrO$_4^{2-}$2−铬酸根离子
dichromateCr$_2$O$_7^{2-}$2−重铬酸根离子
phosphatePO$_4^{3-}$3−磷酸根离子
phosphitePO$_3^{3-}$3−亚磷酸根离子
Naming ionic compounds with polyatomic ions — same two-step rule.含多原子离子的离子化合物命名——相同的两步规则。
  • Na$_2$SO$_4$ → sodium sulfate. (Na$^+$, SO$_4^{2-}$; Na is main-group, no Roman numeral.)Na$_2$SO$_4$ → 硫酸钠(sodium sulfate)。(Na$^+$,SO$_4^{2-}$;Na 是主族,无需罗马数字。)
  • Fe(NO$_3$)$_3$ → iron(III) nitrate. (Three NO$_3^-$ give −3; one Fe must be +3.)Fe(NO$_3$)$_3$ → 硝酸铁(III)(iron(III) nitrate)。(三个 NO$_3^-$ 给出 −3;一个 Fe 必须为 +3。)
  • NH$_4$Cl → ammonium chloride. (NH$_4^+$ is the only common polyatomic cation.)NH$_4$Cl → 氯化铵(ammonium chloride)。(NH$_4^+$ 是唯一常见的多原子阳离子。)
What is the correct name for Ca(OH)$_2$?Ca(OH)$_2$ 的正确名称是什么?
§3 · Q1
calcium oxidecalcium oxide(氧化钙)
calcium hydrogen oxidecalcium hydrogen oxide(氢氧化氧钙)
dicalcium hydroxidedicalcium hydroxide(二羟基二钙)
calcium hydroxidecalcium hydroxide(氢氧化钙)
Ca$^{2+}$ + two OH$^-$ (hydroxide). Main-group metal, no Roman numeral. Name: calcium hydroxide. This is slaked lime, a very common laboratory and industrial compound.Ca$^{2+}$ + 两个 OH$^-$(hydroxide,氢氧根)。主族金属,无需罗马数字。名称:calcium hydroxide(氢氧化钙)。这是熟石灰,一种非常常见的实验室和工业化合物。
OH$^-$ is the hydroxide polyatomic ion — it does not split into H$^+$ and O$^{2-}$ for naming. The compound is not an oxide. The two-step rule: Ca$^{2+}$ (calcium) + OH$^-$ (hydroxide) = calcium hydroxide.OH$^-$ 是多原子离子氢氧根——命名时不能拆分为 H$^+$ 和 O$^{2-}$。该化合物不是氧化物。两步规则:Ca$^{2+}$(calcium/钙)+ OH$^-$(hydroxide/氢氧根)= calcium hydroxide(氢氧化钙)。
Which formula correctly represents copper(II) sulfate?哪个化学式正确表示了硫酸铜(II)?
§3 · Q2
CuSO$_4$ with Cu$^+$CuSO$_4$(Cu$^+$)
CuSO$_4$ (Cu$^{2+}$ + SO$_4^{2-}$)CuSO$_4$(Cu$^{2+}$ + SO$_4^{2-}$)
Cu$_2$SO$_4$Cu$_2$SO$_4$
Cu(SO$_4$)$_2$Cu(SO$_4$)$_2$
copper(II) means Cu$^{2+}$; sulfate is SO$_4^{2-}$. Charges: +2 and −2 → they balance with a 1:1 ratio. Formula: CuSO$_4$. (If it were copper(I) sulfate: Cu$^+$ + SO$_4^{2-}$ → Cu$_2$SO$_4$.)copper(II)(铜(II))表示 Cu$^{2+}$;sulfate(硫酸根)是 SO$_4^{2-}$。电荷:+2 和 −2 → 以 1:1 比例平衡。化学式:CuSO$_4$。(若是 copper(I) sulfate(硫酸铜(I)):Cu$^+$ + SO$_4^{2-}$ → Cu$_2$SO$_4$。)
Roman numeral II tells you the copper charge is +2. Sulfate is SO$_4^{2-}$ (charge −2). Since +2 and −2 balance exactly in a 1:1 ratio, the formula is CuSO$_4$ with one of each ion. No subscripts needed beyond the SO$_4$ itself.罗马数字 II 告诉你铜的电荷为 +2。硫酸根是 SO$_4^{2-}$(电荷 −2)。由于 +2 和 −2 恰好以 1:1 比例平衡,化学式是 CuSO$_4$,各一个离子。除 SO$_4$ 本身外不需要额外下标。

Naming Molecular (Covalent) Compounds — Greek Prefixes共价化合物命名——希腊语前缀

Molecular compounds are formed between two non-metals. Use Greek prefixes to state how many atoms of each element are present — no Roman numerals, no charge calculation.共价化合物(covalent compound)由两种非金属形成。用希腊语前缀说明每种元素的原子数——无需罗马数字,无需计算电荷。
Number数量Prefix前缀Number数量Prefix前缀
1mono-6hexa-
2di-7hepta-
3tri-8octa-
4tetra-9nona-
5penta-10deca-
  • Rule 1:规则 1: Name the first element with its prefix (omit "mono-" for the first element only). Name the second element with its prefix + "-ide" suffix.用前缀命名第一个元素(仅第一个元素省略"mono-")。用前缀 + "-ide"后缀命名第二个元素。
  • Rule 2:规则 2: Drop the trailing vowel of a prefix before a vowel-starting element name (e.g. "mono-" + "oxide" → "monoxide" not "monooxide"; "tetra-" + "oxide" → "tetraoxide").前缀末尾的元音在以元音开头的元素名前省略(例如"mono-" + "oxide" → "monoxide"不是"monooxide";"tetra-" + "oxide" → "tetraoxide"保留 a)。

Examples:示例:

  • CO → carbon monoxidecarbon monoxide(一氧化碳)
  • CO$_2$ → carbon dioxidecarbon dioxide(二氧化碳)
  • N$_2$O$_4$ → dinitrogen tetroxidedinitrogen tetroxide(四氧化二氮)
  • PCl$_5$ → phosphorus pentachloridephosphorus pentachloride(五氯化磷)
  • SF$_6$ → sulfur hexafluoridesulfur hexafluoride(六氟化硫)

AB Chemistry 20 GO2: "recall principles for assigning names to molecular substances" and "explain why formulas for molecular substances refer to the number of atoms of each constituent element." BC Chemistry 11 embeds naming in "organic compounds: names, structures."AB Chemistry 20 GO2:"回忆分子物质命名原则"以及"解释分子物质化学式为何指各组成元素的原子数"。BC Chemistry 11 将命名嵌入"有机化合物:名称、结构"中。

Worked Example 4 · Naming molecular compounds from formula例题 4 · 根据化学式命名共价化合物

Name (a) N$_2$O, (b) P$_4$O$_{10}$, (c) Cl$_2$O$_7$.命名:(a) N$_2$O,(b) P$_4$O$_{10}$,(c) Cl$_2$O$_7$。

(a) N$_2$O:(a) N$_2$O: N$_2$ = dinitrogen; O = monoxide (one O, "mono-" kept for the second element). Name: dinitrogen monoxide (common name: nitrous oxide).N$_2$ = dinitrogen(二氮);O = monoxide(一氧,第二元素保留"mono-")。名称:dinitrogen monoxide(一氧化二氮;俗名:笑气)。

(b) P$_4$O$_{10}$:(b) P$_4$O$_{10}$: P$_4$ = tetraphosphorus; O$_{10}$ = decaoxide. Name: tetraphosphorus decaoxide.P$_4$ = tetraphosphorus(四磷);O$_{10}$ = decaoxide(十氧化)。名称:tetraphosphorus decaoxide(十氧化四磷)。

(c) Cl$_2$O$_7$:(c) Cl$_2$O$_7$: Cl$_2$ = dichlorine; O$_7$ = heptaoxide. Name: dichlorine heptaoxide.Cl$_2$ = dichlorine(二氯);O$_7$ = heptaoxide(七氧化)。名称:dichlorine heptaoxide(七氧化二氯)。

What is the correct name for SO$_3$?SO$_3$ 的正确名称是什么?
§4 · Q1
sulfur trioxide(III)sulfur trioxide(III)
sulfur trioxidesulfur trioxide(三氧化硫)
monosulfur trioxidemonosulfur trioxide
sulfur(III) oxidesulfur(III) oxide
SO$_3$ is a molecular compound (S and O are both non-metals). Use prefixes: S is first element, count = 1 so no "mono-"; O count = 3 so "tri-" + "oxide" = trioxide. Name: sulfur trioxide.SO$_3$ 是共价化合物(S 和 O 都是非金属)。使用前缀:S 是第一个元素,数量 = 1 所以不加"mono-";O 数量 = 3 所以"tri-" + "oxide" = trioxide。名称:sulfur trioxide(三氧化硫)。
Molecular compounds between non-metals use Greek prefixes, not Roman numerals. "Mono-" is omitted for the first element only (S here), but kept for the second element. No Roman numeral is used — that is for ionic compounds with transition metals.非金属间的共价化合物使用希腊语前缀,不用罗马数字。"mono-"仅对第一个元素(此处为 S)省略,第二个元素保留。不使用罗马数字——那是过渡金属离子化合物的做法。
Which formula matches the name "dinitrogen pentoxide"?哪个化学式与名称"dinitrogen pentoxide(五氧化二氮)"对应?
§4 · Q2
N$_5$O$_2$N$_5$O$_2$
NO$_5$NO$_5$
N$_2$O$_5$N$_2$O$_5$
N$_5$O$_2$ or N$_2$O$_5$ — either is acceptableN$_5$O$_2$ 或 N$_2$O$_5$ — 两者都可
"di-" = 2 nitrogen atoms; "penta-" = 5 oxygen atoms. The named element comes first: N$_2$O$_5$. The "a" in "penta-" is kept because "oxide" starts with "o" (not dropped — only "mono" before "oxide" drops the "o")."di-" = 2 个氮原子;"penta-" = 5 个氧原子。被命名的元素在前:N$_2$O$_5$。"penta-"中的"a"保留,因为"oxide"以"o"开头(不省略——只有"mono"在"oxide"前省略"o")。
Read the prefix for N first (di = 2), then for O (penta = 5). The first-named element comes first in the formula. N$_2$O$_5$, not N$_5$O$_2$.先读 N 的前缀(di = 2),再读 O 的前缀(penta = 5)。先命名的元素在化学式中排前。N$_2$O$_5$,不是 N$_5$O$_2$。

Naming Acids酸的命名

Acids dissolve in water to release H$^+$ (or H$_3$O$^+$). Name them by two rules depending on whether the anion contains oxygen.酸(acid)溶于水释放 H$^+$(或 H$_3$O$^+$)。根据阴离子是否含氧,用两条规则命名。
Binary (hydracid): HX dissolved in water — no oxygen in the anion二元氢酸:HX 溶于水——阴离子不含氧
  • Pattern: "hydro-" + root + "-ic acid"规律:"hydro-" + 词根 + "-ic acid"
  • HCl(aq) → hydrochloric acid盐酸(hydrochloric acid)
  • HBr(aq) → hydrobromic acid氢溴酸(hydrobromic acid)
  • H$_2$S(aq) → hydrosulfuric acid氢硫酸(hydrosulfuric acid)
  • HCN(aq) → hydrocyanic acid氢氰酸(hydrocyanic acid)
Oxyacid: HX with oxygen in the anion含氧酸:HX 阴离子含氧
  • "-ate" anion → "-ic acid""-ate"阴离子 → "-ic acid"
  • "-ite" anion → "-ous acid""-ite"阴离子 → "-ous acid"
  • HNO$_3$ (NO$_3^-$ = nitrate) → nitric acid硝酸(nitric acid)
  • HNO$_2$ (NO$_2^-$ = nitrite) → nitrous acid亚硝酸(nitrous acid)
  • H$_2$SO$_4$ (SO$_4^{2-}$ = sulfate) → sulfuric acid硫酸(sulfuric acid)
  • H$_2$SO$_3$ (SO$_3^{2-}$ = sulfite) → sulfurous acid亚硫酸(sulfurous acid)
  • H$_3$PO$_4$ (PO$_4^{3-}$ = phosphate) → phosphoric acid磷酸(phosphoric acid)

AB Chemistry 20 GO2 lists "recall IUPAC nomenclature of acids and bases" as a knowledge outcome. Ontario SCH3U E3.5 covers Arrhenius acids; C2.1 embeds acid names in reaction writing.AB Chemistry 20 GO2 将"回忆酸碱的 IUPAC 命名"列为知识结果。安大略 SCH3U E3.5 涵盖阿伦尼乌斯酸;C2.1 在方程式书写中嵌入酸的命名。

Worked Example 5 · Naming and writing acid formulas例题 5 · 命名酸及书写化学式

(a) Name HClO$_4$ and HClO$_2$. (b) Write the formula for carbonic acid and phosphorous acid.(a) 命名 HClO$_4$ 和 HClO$_2$。(b) 写出碳酸(carbonic acid)和亚磷酸(phosphorous acid)的化学式。

(a) HClO$_4$:(a) HClO$_4$: Anion is ClO$_4^-$ = perchlorate ("-ate") → perchloric acid. HClO$_2$: anion is ClO$_2^-$ = chlorite ("-ite") → chlorous acid.阴离子为 ClO$_4^-$ = perchlorate("-ate")→ perchloric acid(高氯酸)。HClO$_2$:阴离子为 ClO$_2^-$ = chlorite("-ite")→ chlorous acid(亚氯酸)。

(b) Carbonic acid:(b) 碳酸(carbonic acid): "carbonic" → "-ic" ending → "-ate" anion = carbonate CO$_3^{2-}$. Charge −2 needs 2 H$^+$: H$_2$CO$_3$. Phosphorous acid: "phosphorous" → "-ous" → phosphite PO$_3^{3-}$ (charge −3, needs 3 H$^+$): H$_3$PO$_3$."carbonic"含"-ic" → "-ate"阴离子 = carbonate(碳酸根)CO$_3^{2-}$。电荷 −2 需要 2 个 H$^+$:H$_2$CO$_3$。亚磷酸(phosphorous acid):"phosphorous"含"-ous" → phosphite(亚磷酸根)PO$_3^{3-}$(电荷 −3,需要 3 个 H$^+$):H$_3$PO$_3$

What is the name of H$_2$SO$_3$(aq)?H$_2$SO$_3$(aq) 的名称是什么?
§5 · Q1
sulfurous acidsulfurous acid(亚硫酸)
sulfuric acidsulfuric acid(硫酸)
hydrosulfuric acidhydrosulfuric acid(氢硫酸)
disulfuric aciddisulfuric acid(二硫酸)
H$_2$SO$_3$ contains oxygen, so it is an oxyacid. The anion is SO$_3^{2-}$ = sulfite ("-ite"). "-ite" anion → "-ous acid": sulfurous acid. Note: H$_2$SO$_4$ (sulfate, "-ate") → sulfuric acid.H$_2$SO$_3$ 含氧,是含氧酸。阴离子为 SO$_3^{2-}$ = sulfite("-ite"亚硫酸根)。"-ite"阴离子 → "-ous acid":sulfurous acid(亚硫酸)。注:H$_2$SO$_4$(sulfate/"-ate")→ sulfuric acid(硫酸)。
The anion in H$_2$SO$_3$ is SO$_3^{2-}$ (sulfite, "-ite"), not sulfate. "-ite" anions give "-ous" acids; "-ate" anions give "-ic" acids. No "hydro-" prefix because oxygen is present.H$_2$SO$_3$ 中的阴离子是 SO$_3^{2-}$(sulfite/亚硫酸根,"-ite"),不是 sulfate。"-ite"阴离子给出"-ous"酸;"-ate"阴离子给出"-ic"酸。因含氧,不加"hydro-"前缀。
Which acid has the formula HI(aq)?哪种酸的化学式为 HI(aq)?
§5 · Q2
iodic acidiodic acid(碘酸)
hydrogen iodidehydrogen iodide(碘化氢,气态)
hypoiodic acidhypoiodic acid
hydroiodic acidhydroiodic acid(氢碘酸)
HI dissolved in water is a binary acid (no oxygen). Rule: "hydro-" + element root + "-ic acid". Iodine root = "iod-". Name: hydroiodic acid. (Note: the gas HI is named "hydrogen iodide," but the aqueous solution is "hydroiodic acid.")HI 溶于水是二元氢酸(不含氧)。规则:"hydro-" + 元素词根 + "-ic acid"。碘的词根 = "iod-"。名称:hydroiodic acid(氢碘酸)。(注:气态 HI 命名为"hydrogen iodide"碘化氢,但水溶液命名为"hydroiodic acid"氢碘酸。)
HI(aq) has no oxygen — it's a binary (hydracid), not an oxyacid. Binary acids use "hydro-" + root + "-ic." "Iodic acid" (HIO$_3$) contains oxygen. The correct name for HI(aq) is hydroiodic acid.HI(aq) 不含氧——是二元氢酸,不是含氧酸。二元氢酸用"hydro-" + 词根 + "-ic"。"碘酸"(iodic acid,HIO$_3$)含氧。HI(aq) 的正确名称是 hydroiodic acid(氢碘酸)。
Going deeper — the logic behind -ate/-ite and -ic/-ous: oxidation state pairs深入 — -ate/-ite 与 -ic/-ous 背后的逻辑:氧化态成对命名体系

The suffix pairs are not arbitrary — they encode the oxidation state of the central non-metal in the oxyanion. Consider the chlorine family of oxyanions: ClO$^-$ (hypochlorite), ClO$_2^-$ (chlorite), ClO$_3^-$ (chlorate), ClO$_4^-$ (perchlorate). Each step up adds one oxygen atom and raises the oxidation state of Cl by $+2$. The "-ite" suffix labels the lower oxidation-state anion in a pair, and "-ate" labels the higher one. Because chlorine can have oxidation states of $+1$, $+3$, $+5$, and $+7$ in these anions, all four levels are named.这套后缀并非任意规定,而是编码了含氧酸根中心非金属元素的氧化态。以氯的含氧酸根系列为例:ClO$^-$(次氯酸根)、ClO$_2^-$(亚氯酸根)、ClO$_3^-$(氯酸根)、ClO$_4^-$(高氯酸根)。每上升一步增加一个氧原子,Cl 的氧化态升高 $+2$。"-ite"后缀标记一对中较低氧化态的酸根,"-ate"标记较高氧化态的酸根。由于氯在这些酸根中可具有 $+1$、$+3$、$+5$、$+7$ 四种氧化态,故四个层级均有命名。

The acid suffix follows directly: an "-ate" anion gives the acid an "-ic" ending; an "-ite" anion gives "-ous." The prefixes "hypo-" (below) and "per-" (beyond) extend the system to the two extremes. In equation form, using chlorine's oxidation state $n$ in ClO$_x^-$:酸的后缀直接随之而来:"-ate"酸根对应酸的"-ic"词尾;"-ite"酸根对应"-ous"词尾。前缀"hypo-"(低于)和"per-"(超过)将体系延伸到两端极值。用氯在 ClO$_x^-$ 中的氧化态 $n$ 表示:

Anion酸根 Cl oxidation stateCl 氧化态 Anion name酸根名称 Acid
ClO$^-$$+1$hypochlorite次氯酸根hypochlorous acid次氯酸(hypochlorous acid)
ClO$_2^-$$+3$chlorite亚氯酸根chlorous acid亚氯酸(chlorous acid)
ClO$_3^-$$+5$chlorate氯酸根chloric acid氯酸(chloric acid)
ClO$_4^-$$+7$perchlorate高氯酸根perchloric acid高氯酸(perchloric acid)

The same logic applies to sulfur (SO$_3^{2-}$ / SO$_4^{2-}$), nitrogen (NO$_2^-$ / NO$_3^-$), and phosphorus (PO$_3^{3-}$ / PO$_4^{3-}$) pairs. Recognising the oxidation-state pattern lets you predict the name of any oxyanion or oxyacid you encounter, rather than memorising each entry separately.同样的逻辑适用于硫(SO$_3^{2-}$ / SO$_4^{2-}$)、氮(NO$_2^-$ / NO$_3^-$)和磷(PO$_3^{3-}$ / PO$_4^{3-}$)的成对命名。理解这一氧化态规律,你就能预测遇到的任何含氧酸根或含氧酸的名称,而无需逐条死记。


Writing Chemical Formulae: the Criss-Cross Rule化学式的书写:交叉法

An ionic compound's formula must give a net charge of zero. The criss-cross method is a mechanical shortcut to find the correct subscripts.离子化合物(ionic compound)的化学式必须使净电荷为零。交叉法是找到正确下标的机械捷径。

Procedure:步骤:

  1. Write the cation and anion side by side with their charges: A$^{m+}$ B$^{n-}$.并排写下阳离子和阴离子及其电荷:A$^{m+}$ B$^{n-}$。
  2. Cross the absolute values of the charges: A gets subscript $n$, B gets subscript $m$ → A$_n$B$_m$.将电荷绝对值交叉:A 得到下标 $n$,B 得到下标 $m$ → A$_n$B$_m$。
  3. Reduce subscripts to the lowest whole-number ratio if possible (e.g. Ca$_2$O$_2$ → CaO).如可能,将下标化简为最简整数比(例如 Ca$_2$O$_2$ → CaO)。
  4. Enclose polyatomic ions in parentheses when the subscript is > 1 (e.g. Ca(OH)$_2$, not CaOH$_2$).当多原子离子的下标 > 1 时,用括号括起(例如 Ca(OH)$_2$,不是 CaOH$_2$)。

Quick examples:快速示例:

  • Al$^{3+}$ + O$^{2-}$: cross gives Al$_2$O$_3$ — aluminum oxide氧化铝
  • Fe$^{3+}$ + SO$_4^{2-}$: cross gives Fe$_2$(SO$_4$)$_3$ — iron(III) sulfate硫酸铁(III)
  • Ca$^{2+}$ + Cl$^-$: cross gives Ca$_1$Cl$_2$ = CaCl$_2$ — calcium chloride氯化钙
  • Mg$^{2+}$ + O$^{2-}$: cross gives Mg$_2$O$_2$ → reduce → MgO — magnesium oxide氧化镁

AB Chemistry 20 GO1: "explain why formulas for ionic compounds refer to the simplest whole-number ratio of ions that result in a net charge of zero." Ontario SCH3U B2.7 covers binary and polyatomic formula writing.AB Chemistry 20 GO1:"解释为何离子化合物化学式指使净电荷为零的离子的最简整数比。"安大略 SCH3U B2.7 涵盖二元和含多原子离子的化学式书写。

Worked Example 6 · Writing ionic formulae by criss-cross例题 6 · 用交叉法书写离子化学式

Write the formula for (a) copper(II) phosphate, (b) ammonium carbonate, (c) lead(IV) oxide.写出以下化合物的化学式:(a) 磷酸铜(II)(copper(II) phosphate),(b) 碳酸铵(ammonium carbonate),(c) 氧化铅(IV)(lead(IV) oxide)。

(a) copper(II) phosphate:(a) 磷酸铜(II): Cu$^{2+}$ and PO$_4^{3-}$. Cross: Cu gets subscript 3, PO$_4$ gets subscript 2. Enclose polyatomic: Cu$_3$(PO$_4$)$_2$. Check: $3(+2) + 2(-3) = +6-6 = 0$ ✓.Cu$^{2+}$ 和 PO$_4^{3-}$。交叉:Cu 得下标 3,PO$_4$ 得下标 2。括号括起多原子离子:Cu$_3$(PO$_4$)$_2$。验证:$3(+2) + 2(-3) = +6-6 = 0$ ✓。

(b) ammonium carbonate:(b) 碳酸铵: NH$_4^+$ and CO$_3^{2-}$. Cross: NH$_4$ gets subscript 2, CO$_3$ gets subscript 1. Enclose both if >1: (NH$_4$)$_2$CO$_3$. Check: $2(+1) + 1(-2) = 0$ ✓.NH$_4^+$ 和 CO$_3^{2-}$。交叉:NH$_4$ 得下标 2,CO$_3$ 得下标 1。括号括起:(NH$_4$)$_2$CO$_3$。验证:$2(+1) + 1(-2) = 0$ ✓。

(c) lead(IV) oxide:(c) 氧化铅(IV): Pb$^{4+}$ and O$^{2-}$. Cross: Pb gets subscript 2, O gets subscript 4. Simplify: Pb$_2$O$_4$ → PbO$_2$ (divide by 2). Check: $+4 + 2(-2) = 0$ ✓.Pb$^{4+}$ 和 O$^{2-}$。交叉:Pb 得下标 2,O 得下标 4。化简:Pb$_2$O$_4$ → PbO$_2$(除以 2)。验证:$+4 + 2(-2) = 0$ ✓。

What is the correct formula for aluminum sulfate?硫酸铝(aluminum sulfate)的正确化学式是什么?
§6 · Q1
AlSO$_4$AlSO$_4$
Al$_3$(SO$_4$)$_2$Al$_3$(SO$_4$)$_2$
Al$_2$(SO$_4$)$_3$Al$_2$(SO$_4$)$_3$
Al$_3$SO$_4$Al$_3$SO$_4$
Al$^{3+}$ and SO$_4^{2-}$. Criss-cross: Al gets subscript 2 (from the 2 of SO$_4^{2-}$), SO$_4$ gets subscript 3 (from the 3 of Al$^{3+}$). Result: Al$_2$(SO$_4$)$_3$. Check: $2(+3) + 3(-2) = +6-6 = 0$ ✓.Al$^{3+}$ 和 SO$_4^{2-}$。交叉法:Al 得下标 2(来自 SO$_4^{2-}$ 的 2),SO$_4$ 得下标 3(来自 Al$^{3+}$ 的 3)。结果:Al$_2$(SO$_4$)$_3$。验证:$2(+3) + 3(-2) = +6-6 = 0$ ✓。
Apply the criss-cross: Al charge = 3+, sulfate charge = 2−. Al subscript = |2| = 2; (SO$_4$) subscript = |3| = 3. Always enclose the polyatomic ion in parentheses when its subscript is greater than 1.应用交叉法:Al 电荷 = 3+,硫酸根电荷 = 2−。Al 下标 = |2| = 2;(SO$_4$) 下标 = |3| = 3。当多原子离子的下标大于 1 时,始终用括号括起。
The criss-cross of Ba$^{2+}$ and O$^{2-}$ gives Ba$_2$O$_2$. What is the final correct formula after simplification?Ba$^{2+}$ 和 O$^{2-}$ 交叉得到 Ba$_2$O$_2$。化简后的最终正确化学式是什么?
§6 · Q2
BaOBaO
Ba$_2$O$_2$Ba$_2$O$_2$
BaO$_2$BaO$_2$
Ba$_2$OBa$_2$O
Ba$_2$O$_2$ has a 2:2 ratio, which simplifies to 1:1 → BaO. Ionic formulae always use the smallest whole-number ratio (AB Chemistry 20 GO1 states this explicitly). BaO is barium oxide.Ba$_2$O$_2$ 的比为 2:2,化简为 1:1 → BaO。离子化学式始终使用最简整数比(AB Chemistry 20 GO1 明确说明这一点)。BaO 是氧化钡。
After criss-crossing, always reduce to the simplest ratio. Ba$_2$O$_2$ has both subscripts equal to 2; divide both by 2 to get BaO. (Note: BaO$_2$ is actually barium peroxide, a different compound with O$_2^{2-}$.)交叉后,始终化简为最简比。Ba$_2$O$_2$ 两个下标均为 2;同除以 2 得到 BaO。(注:BaO$_2$ 实际上是过氧化钡,是含 O$_2^{2-}$ 的不同化合物。)

Hydrates and Common (Trivial) Names水合物与俗名

A hydrate is an ionic compound that incorporates a fixed number of water molecules per formula unit in its crystal structure. Naming: ionic compound name + Greek prefix + "hydrate."水合物(hydrate)是在晶体结构中每个化学式单元中含固定数量水分子的离子化合物。命名:离子化合物名 + 希腊语前缀 + "hydrate"(水合物)。
Formula化学式 IUPAC nameIUPAC 名称 Common name俗名 Chinese name中文名
CuSO$_4 \cdot 5$H$_2$Ocopper(II) sulfate pentahydrateblue vitriol / blue stone蓝矾(硫酸铜晶体)
MgSO$_4 \cdot 7$H$_2$Omagnesium sulfate heptahydrateEpsom salt泻盐
Na$_2$SO$_4 \cdot 10$H$_2$Osodium sulfate decahydrateGlauber's salt芒硝
CaSO$_4 \cdot 2$H$_2$Ocalcium sulfate dihydrategypsum石膏
Na$_2$CO$_3 \cdot 10$H$_2$Osodium carbonate decahydratewashing soda纯碱晶体(苏打石)
CaCl$_2 \cdot 2$H$_2$Ocalcium chloride dihydrate氯化钙二水合物

Selected common names you should know:你应该知道的常用俗名:

  • NaCl → table salt / halite食盐/岩盐
  • NaOH → lye / caustic soda烧碱/苛性钠
  • Na$_2$CO$_3$ → washing soda / soda ash纯碱/苏打
  • NaHCO$_3$ → baking soda / sodium bicarbonate小苏打(碳酸氢钠)
  • Ca(OH)$_2$ → slaked lime / hydrated lime熟石灰/消石灰
  • CaCO$_3$ → limestone / marble / chalk石灰石/大理石/白垩
  • CaO → quicklime生石灰
  • H$_2$O$_2$ → hydrogen peroxide双氧水
  • NH$_3$ → ammonia氨气
Worked Example 7 · Naming hydrates and writing their formulas例题 7 · 水合物命名及化学式书写

(a) Name FeSO$_4 \cdot 7$H$_2$O. (b) Write the formula for cobalt(II) chloride hexahydrate.(a) 命名 FeSO$_4 \cdot 7$H$_2$O。(b) 写出氯化钴(II)六水合物(cobalt(II) chloride hexahydrate)的化学式。

(a) FeSO$_4 \cdot 7$H$_2$O:(a) FeSO$_4 \cdot 7$H$_2$O: Step 1: name FeSO$_4$. Fe is a transition metal: SO$_4^{2-}$ has charge −2, so Fe must be +2. Name: iron(II) sulfate. Step 2: 7 water molecules → "hepta-" + "hydrate." Full name: iron(II) sulfate heptahydrate. (Common name: green vitriol / ferrous sulfate.)第一步:命名 FeSO$_4$。Fe 是过渡金属:SO$_4^{2-}$ 电荷 −2,故 Fe 必须为 +2。名称:iron(II) sulfate(硫酸铁(II))。第二步:7 个水分子 → "hepta-" + "hydrate"。全称:iron(II) sulfate heptahydrate(七水合硫酸铁(II))。(俗名:绿矾/硫酸亚铁。)

(b) cobalt(II) chloride hexahydrate:(b) 氯化钴(II)六水合物: cobalt(II) = Co$^{2+}$; chloride = Cl$^-$; criss-cross → CoCl$_2$; hexahydrate → 6H$_2$O. Formula: CoCl$_2 \cdot 6$H$_2$O.cobalt(II)(钴(II))= Co$^{2+}$;chloride(氯化物)= Cl$^-$;交叉法 → CoCl$_2$;hexahydrate(六水合)→ 6H$_2$O。化学式:CoCl$_2 \cdot 6$H$_2$O

What is the correct IUPAC name for Na$_2$SO$_4 \cdot 10$H$_2$O?Na$_2$SO$_4 \cdot 10$H$_2$O 的正确 IUPAC 名称是什么?
§7 · Q1
sodium sulfate hydratesodium sulfate hydrate
sodium sulfate octahydratesodium sulfate octahydrate(八水合硫酸钠)
sodium sulfate decahydratesodium sulfate decahydrate(十水合硫酸钠)
disodium sulfate tenhydratedisodium sulfate tenhydrate
Na$_2$SO$_4$ = sodium sulfate. 10 water molecules: "deca-" + "hydrate" = decahydrate. Full IUPAC name: sodium sulfate decahydrate. Common name: Glauber's salt. "Octa" = 8, not 10; Greek prefix "deca" = 10.Na$_2$SO$_4$ = sodium sulfate(硫酸钠)。10 个水分子:"deca-" + "hydrate" = decahydrate(十水合)。完整 IUPAC 名称:sodium sulfate decahydrate(十水合硫酸钠)。俗名:芒硝(Glauber's salt)。"octa" = 8,不是 10;希腊语前缀"deca" = 10。
Count the water molecules: 10. The Greek prefix for 10 is "deca-". So "decahydrate" — not "octahydrate" (8) or just "hydrate." Na is a main-group metal, so no Roman numeral; no "di-" prefix for ionic compounds.数水分子数:10。10 的希腊语前缀是"deca-"。所以是"decahydrate"(十水合)——不是"octahydrate"(八水合,8)或仅"hydrate"。Na 是主族金属,无需罗马数字;离子化合物不用"di-"前缀。
Which compound is known as "baking soda"?哪种化合物俗称"小苏打"(baking soda)?
§7 · Q2
Na$_2$CO$_3$ (sodium carbonate)Na$_2$CO$_3$(碳酸钠)
NaHCO$_3$ (sodium hydrogen carbonate / sodium bicarbonate)NaHCO$_3$(碳酸氢钠)
NaOH (sodium hydroxide)NaOH(氢氧化钠)
Ca(OH)$_2$ (calcium hydroxide)Ca(OH)$_2$(氢氧化钙)
Baking soda is NaHCO$_3$, sodium hydrogen carbonate (also called sodium bicarbonate). It decomposes on heating to produce CO$_2$, which makes baked goods rise. Na$_2$CO$_3$ is washing soda; NaOH is lye/caustic soda; Ca(OH)$_2$ is slaked lime.小苏打是 NaHCO$_3$,碳酸氢钠(也叫碳酸氢苏打/重碳酸钠)。加热分解产生 CO$_2$,使烘焙食品膨胀。Na$_2$CO$_3$ 是纯碱(苏打);NaOH 是烧碱;Ca(OH)$_2$ 是熟石灰。
Na$_2$CO$_3$ is washing soda; NaHCO$_3$ is baking soda. They differ by one H and one CO$_3$ group — NaHCO$_3$ contains the bicarbonate (HCO$_3^-$) polyatomic ion, not carbonate.Na$_2$CO$_3$ 是纯碱(苏打);NaHCO$_3$ 是小苏打。它们差一个 H 和一个 CO$_3$ 基团——NaHCO$_3$ 含碳酸氢根(HCO$_3^-$)多原子离子,不是碳酸根。

Exam Strategy and Common Pitfalls考试策略与常见陷阱

Ionic vs molecular — pick the right algorithm first先判断是离子化合物还是共价化合物——再选正确算法
  • Metal + non-metal → ionic.金属 + 非金属 → 离子化合物。 Use the two-step cation/anion naming rule. Add Roman numerals for transition metals.使用阳离子/阴离子两步命名规则。过渡金属加罗马数字。
  • Non-metal + non-metal → molecular (usually).非金属 + 非金属 → 共价化合物(通常)。 Use Greek prefixes. No Roman numerals. Exception: NH$_4^+$ and polyatomic ions in ionic compounds.使用希腊语前缀。不用罗马数字。例外:NH$_4^+$ 和离子化合物中的多原子离子。
  • Acid in water → acid naming rules.水中的酸 → 酸的命名规则。 "Hydro-…-ic" for no oxygen; "-ic acid" for "-ate" anion; "-ous acid" for "-ite" anion.无氧用"hydro-…-ic";"-ate"阴离子用"-ic acid";"-ite"阴离子用"-ous acid"。
Transition-metal Roman numeral — derive it, don't guess过渡金属罗马数字——推导,不要猜
  • Read the anion first.先读阴离子。 Count the total anion charge (number of anions × charge each). The cation must supply the equal and opposite charge.计算阴离子总电荷(阴离子数量 × 各自电荷)。阳离子必须提供相等且相反的电荷。
  • Example: Cr$_2$O$_3$.示例:Cr$_2$O$_3$。 3 × O$^{2-}$ = −6 total. Two Cr must supply +6 total, so each Cr = +3. Roman numeral: III. Name: chromium(III) oxide.3 × O$^{2-}$ = −6 总计。两个 Cr 必须提供 +6 总计,故每个 Cr = +3。罗马数字:III。名称:chromium(III) oxide(氧化铬(III))。
  • No Roman numeral for main-group metals.主族金属不加罗马数字。 Na, K, Mg, Ca, Al always have their group-charge; no ambiguity, no Roman numeral.Na、K、Mg、Ca、Al 始终具有其族电荷;无歧义,不加罗马数字。
Criss-cross pitfalls (§6)交叉法陷阱(§6)
  • Always simplify.始终化简。 If criss-cross gives Ca$_2$O$_2$, simplify to CaO. If it gives Al$_3$N$_3$, simplify to AlN.如果交叉法得到 Ca$_2$O$_2$,化简为 CaO。如果得到 Al$_3$N$_3$,化简为 AlN。
  • Bracket polyatomic ions before adding subscripts.加下标前先给多原子离子加括号。 Ca$^{2+}$ + NO$_3^-$: criss-cross gives Ca(NO$_3$)$_2$, not CaN$_2$O$_6$. The bracket preserves the integrity of the polyatomic ion.Ca$^{2+}$ + NO$_3^-$:交叉法给出 Ca(NO$_3$)$_2$,而不是 CaN$_2$O$_6$。括号保持多原子离子的完整性。
  • Check charge balance.检验电荷平衡。 After writing any formula, verify: sum of all cation charges + sum of all anion charges = 0. This is a foolproof error-catcher.写完任何化学式后,验证:所有阳离子电荷之和 + 所有阴离子电荷之和 = 0。这是万无一失的错误排查法。
Polyatomic ion memory tricks多原子离子记忆技巧
  • Nick the Camel had a Cute Nose.尼克骆驼有个可爱鼻子(Nick the Camel has a Cute Nose)。 Nitrate NO$_3^-$, Carbonate CO$_3^{2-}$, Chromate CrO$_4^{2-}$, Nitrite NO$_2^-$. Pair each with its "-ite" version (one fewer oxygen, same charge).硝酸根 NO$_3^-$、碳酸根 CO$_3^{2-}$、铬酸根 CrO$_4^{2-}$、亚硝酸根 NO$_2^-$。将每个与其"-ite"版本(少一个氧,相同电荷)配对。
  • Sulfate vs sulfite.硫酸根与亚硫酸根。 Sulfate SO$_4^{2-}$ (4 oxygens, "-ate"); sulfite SO$_3^{2-}$ (3 oxygens, "-ite"). Same logic for phosphate/phosphite, chlorate/chlorite.硫酸根 SO$_4^{2-}$(4 个氧,"-ate");亚硫酸根 SO$_3^{2-}$(3 个氧,"-ite")。磷酸根/亚磷酸根、氯酸根/亚氯酸根同理。
  • NH$_4^+$ is the only common polyatomic cation.NH$_4^+$ 是唯一常见的多原子阳离子。 Treat it exactly like a main-group metal cation: no Roman numeral, fixed charge +1.完全像主族金属阳离子一样处理:不加罗马数字,固定电荷 +1。

Flashcards闪卡

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What is an ion?什么是离子(ion)?
An atom or group of atoms with a net electric charge, formed by gaining (anion, −) or losing (cation, +) electrons.通过得到(阴离子,−)或失去(阳离子,+)电子而形成的带净电荷的原子或原子团。
Group 1, 2, 13 ion charges?第 1、2、13 族离子电荷?
Group 1 → 1+; Group 2 → 2+; Group 13 (Al) → 3+. Main-group metals have fixed, predictable charges.第 1 族 → 1+;第 2 族 → 2+;第 13 族(Al)→ 3+。主族金属的电荷固定可预测。
Group 15, 16, 17 ion charges?第 15、16、17 族离子电荷?
Group 15 → 3−; Group 16 → 2−; Group 17 → 1−. Non-metals gain electrons to reach a full outer shell.第 15 族 → 3−;第 16 族 → 2−;第 17 族 → 1−。非金属获得电子以充满外层。
Naming ionic compounds — two steps?离子化合物命名——两步?
1) Name the cation (element name; add Roman numeral if transition metal). 2) Name the anion (element root + "-ide", or polyatomic name). No prefixes.1) 命名阳离子(元素名;过渡金属加罗马数字)。2) 命名阴离子(元素词根 + "-ide",或多原子离子名)。不用前缀。
When do you use a Roman numeral?什么时候用罗马数字?
When the metal has more than one possible ionic charge (transition metals and some post-transition metals: Fe, Cu, Pb, Sn, Cr, Mn…). Derive the charge from the anion, then write it in parentheses after the metal name.当金属有多种可能的离子电荷时(过渡金属和部分后过渡金属:Fe、Cu、Pb、Sn、Cr、Mn……)。从阴离子推导电荷,然后在金属名后用括号写出。
Sulfate SO$_4^{2-}$, sulfite SO$_3^{2-}$ — which is which?硫酸根 SO$_4^{2-}$,亚硫酸根 SO$_3^{2-}$——哪个是哪个?
"-ate" has MORE oxygen (SO$_4^{2-}$, sulfate); "-ite" has FEWER oxygen (SO$_3^{2-}$, sulfite). Same charge (2−) for both. Identical pattern for NO$_3^-$/NO$_2^-$, ClO$_3^-$/ClO$_2^-$, PO$_4^{3-}$/PO$_3^{3-}$."-ate"含氧更多(SO$_4^{2-}$,硫酸根);"-ite"含氧更少(SO$_3^{2-}$,亚硫酸根)。两者电荷相同(2−)。NO$_3^-$/NO$_2^-$、ClO$_3^-$/ClO$_2^-$、PO$_4^{3-}$/PO$_3^{3-}$ 同理。
Naming molecular compounds — rule?共价化合物命名——规则?
Greek prefix (omit "mono-" for first element) + first element + Greek prefix + second element root + "-ide". E.g. N$_2$O$_4$ → dinitrogen tetroxide.希腊语前缀(第一个元素省略"mono-")+ 第一个元素 + 希腊语前缀 + 第二个元素词根 + "-ide"。例如 N$_2$O$_4$ → dinitrogen tetroxide(四氧化二氮)。
Hydracid naming (no oxygen)?二元氢酸命名(不含氧)?
"hydro-" + element root + "-ic acid". HCl(aq) → hydrochloric acid; HBr(aq) → hydrobromic acid; H$_2$S(aq) → hydrosulfuric acid."hydro-" + 元素词根 + "-ic acid"。HCl(aq) → hydrochloric acid(盐酸);HBr(aq) → hydrobromic acid(氢溴酸);H$_2$S(aq) → hydrosulfuric acid(氢硫酸)。
Oxyacid naming: "-ate" vs "-ite" anion?含氧酸命名:"-ate"与"-ite"阴离子?
"-ate" anion → "-ic acid" (H$_2$SO$_4$ from sulfate → sulfuric acid). "-ite" anion → "-ous acid" (H$_2$SO$_3$ from sulfite → sulfurous acid)."-ate"阴离子 → "-ic acid"(H$_2$SO$_4$ 来自 sulfate → sulfuric acid 硫酸)。"-ite"阴离子 → "-ous acid"(H$_2$SO$_3$ 来自 sulfite → sulfurous acid 亚硫酸)。
Criss-cross method — steps?交叉法——步骤?
1) Write ions with charges. 2) Cross the absolute-value charges as subscripts (cation gets anion's charge magnitude, vice versa). 3) Simplify to lowest whole-number ratio. 4) Use parentheses for polyatomic ions when subscript > 1.1) 写出带电荷的离子。2) 将电荷绝对值交叉作为下标(阳离子得阴离子的电荷大小,反之亦然)。3) 化简为最简整数比。4) 当多原子离子下标 > 1 时用括号。
Formula for iron(III) sulfate?硫酸铁(III) 的化学式?
Fe$^{3+}$ + SO$_4^{2-}$. Criss-cross: Fe gets 2, SO$_4$ gets 3. Formula: Fe$_2$(SO$_4$)$_3$. Check: $2(+3)+3(-2)=0$ ✓.Fe$^{3+}$ + SO$_4^{2-}$。交叉:Fe 得 2,SO$_4$ 得 3。化学式:Fe$_2$(SO$_4$)$_3$。验证:$2(+3)+3(-2)=0$ ✓。
Hydrate naming?水合物命名?
Ionic compound name + Greek prefix + "hydrate." CuSO$_4 \cdot 5$H$_2$O → copper(II) sulfate pentahydrate.离子化合物名 + 希腊语前缀 + "hydrate"(水合物)。CuSO$_4 \cdot 5$H$_2$O → copper(II) sulfate pentahydrate(五水合硫酸铜(II);蓝矾)。
NaHCO$_3$ — name and common name?NaHCO$_3$——名称与俗名?
IUPAC: sodium hydrogen carbonate (or sodium bicarbonate). Common: baking soda. HCO$_3^-$ = bicarbonate / hydrogen carbonate.IUPAC:sodium hydrogen carbonate(碳酸氢钠,也称 sodium bicarbonate)。俗名:baking soda(小苏打)。HCO$_3^-$ = bicarbonate / hydrogen carbonate(碳酸氢根)。
Ionic vs molecular — how to tell which naming system to use?离子化合物与共价化合物——如何判断用哪套命名体系?
Metal + non-metal (or polyatomic ion) → ionic; use cation/anion naming, Roman numeral if needed. Non-metal + non-metal → molecular; use Greek prefix naming. Never mix the two systems.金属 + 非金属(或多原子离子)→ 离子化合物;用阳离子/阴离子命名,必要时加罗马数字。非金属 + 非金属 → 共价化合物;用希腊语前缀命名。绝不混用两套体系。

Practice Quiz综合测验

What is the correct name for SnO$_2$? 🇨🇦 SCH3U B2.7SnO$_2$ 的正确名称是什么?🇨🇦 SCH3U B2.7
Q1
tin oxidetin oxide(氧化锡)
tin(IV) oxidetin(IV) oxide(氧化锡(IV))
ditin dioxideditin dioxide(二氧化二锡)
tin(II) dioxidetin(II) dioxide(二氧化锡(II))
Sn (tin) is a post-transition metal with variable charge. O$^{2-}$, 2 oxygens: total anion charge = −4. One Sn must supply +4. Sn$^{4+}$ → tin(IV). Full name: tin(IV) oxide.Sn(锡)是具有可变电荷的后过渡金属。O$^{2-}$,2 个氧:阴离子总电荷 = −4。一个 Sn 必须提供 +4。Sn$^{4+}$ → tin(IV)(锡(IV))。全称:tin(IV) oxide(氧化锡(IV))。
Tin can form Sn$^{2+}$ (tin(II)) or Sn$^{4+}$ (tin(IV)). In SnO$_2$, two O$^{2-}$ supply −4 total charge, so Sn must be +4 → tin(IV). Always derive the Roman numeral from the anion charge when the metal has multiple possible charges.锡可以形成 Sn$^{2+}$(锡(II))或 Sn$^{4+}$(锡(IV))。在 SnO$_2$ 中,两个 O$^{2-}$ 提供 −4 总电荷,故 Sn 必须为 +4 → tin(IV)。当金属有多种可能电荷时,始终从阴离子电荷推导罗马数字。
What is the formula for magnesium nitrate? 🇨🇦 SCH3U B2.7 / AB Chem 20 GO1硝酸镁(magnesium nitrate)的化学式是什么?🇨🇦 SCH3U B2.7 / AB Chem 20 GO1
Q2
MgNO$_3$MgNO$_3$
Mg$_2$(NO$_3$)$_3$Mg$_2$(NO$_3$)$_3$
MgN$_2$O$_6$MgN$_2$O$_6$
Mg(NO$_3$)$_2$Mg(NO$_3$)$_2$
Mg$^{2+}$ (Group 2, charge 2+); nitrate = NO$_3^-$ (charge 1−). Criss-cross: Mg gets subscript 1, NO$_3$ gets subscript 2. Enclose polyatomic in parentheses when subscript > 1: Mg(NO$_3$)$_2$. Check: $+2 + 2(-1) = 0$ ✓.Mg$^{2+}$(第 2 族,电荷 2+);硝酸根 = NO$_3^-$(电荷 1−)。交叉法:Mg 得下标 1,NO$_3$ 得下标 2。当下标 > 1 时,用括号括起多原子离子:Mg(NO$_3$)$_2$。验证:$+2 + 2(-1) = 0$ ✓。
Nitrate is the polyatomic ion NO$_3^-$ — it must stay intact as a group, not broken up into N and O separately. The criss-cross of Mg$^{2+}$ and NO$_3^-$ gives Mg(NO$_3$)$_2$, with parentheses preserving the integrity of the polyatomic ion.硝酸根是多原子离子 NO$_3^-$——它必须作为整体保持完整,不能拆分为 N 和 O。Mg$^{2+}$ 和 NO$_3^-$ 的交叉法给出 Mg(NO$_3$)$_2$,括号保持多原子离子的完整性。
What is the correct name for N$_2$O$_3$?N$_2$O$_3$ 的正确名称是什么?
Q3
dinitrogen trioxidedinitrogen trioxide(三氧化二氮)
nitrogen(III) oxidenitrogen(III) oxide(氧化氮(III))
nitrogen trioxidenitrogen trioxide(三氧化氮)
dinitrogen oxidedinitrogen oxide(氧化二氮)
N and O are both non-metals → molecular compound → Greek prefix system. N$_2$ = dinitrogen; O$_3$ = trioxide. Name: dinitrogen trioxide. No Roman numerals for molecular compounds.N 和 O 都是非金属 → 共价化合物 → 希腊语前缀体系。N$_2$ = dinitrogen(二氮);O$_3$ = trioxide(三氧化)。名称:dinitrogen trioxide(三氧化二氮)。共价化合物不用罗马数字。
N$_2$O$_3$ is a molecular compound (non-metal + non-metal). Use Greek prefixes, not Roman numerals. "di-" for 2 nitrogen atoms; "tri-" for 3 oxygen atoms; second element gets "-ide" suffix → "trioxide." First element omits "mono-" only (not omitted here since N count = 2).N$_2$O$_3$ 是共价化合物(非金属 + 非金属)。使用希腊语前缀,不用罗马数字。"di-"表示 2 个氮原子;"tri-"表示 3 个氧原子;第二个元素加"-ide"后缀 → "trioxide"。第一个元素只省略"mono-"(此处不省略因为 N 数量 = 2)。
Name the acid HClO$_3$(aq). 🇨🇦 AB Chem 20 GO2命名酸 HClO$_3$(aq)。🇨🇦 AB Chem 20 GO2
Q4
hydrochloric acidhydrochloric acid(盐酸)
chlorous acidchlorous acid(亚氯酸)
chloric acidchloric acid(氯酸)
perchloric acidperchloric acid(高氯酸)
HClO$_3$ contains oxygen (oxyacid). Anion = ClO$_3^-$ = chlorate ("-ate"). "-ate" anion → "-ic acid": chloric acid. Note the chlorine-oxygen acids: HClO = hypochlorous; HClO$_2$ = chlorous; HClO$_3$ = chloric; HClO$_4$ = perchloric.HClO$_3$ 含氧(含氧酸)。阴离子 = ClO$_3^-$ = chlorate(氯酸根,"-ate")。"-ate"阴离子 → "-ic acid":chloric acid(氯酸)。注意氯氧酸系列:HClO = 次氯酸;HClO$_2$ = 亚氯酸;HClO$_3$ = 氯酸;HClO$_4$ = 高氯酸。
HCl (no oxygen) → hydrochloric acid. HClO$_2$ (chlorite, "-ite") → chlorous acid. HClO$_3$ (chlorate, "-ate") → chloric acid. HClO$_4$ (perchlorate) → perchloric acid. More oxygens = higher prefix/suffix.HCl(无氧)→ 盐酸(hydrochloric acid)。HClO$_2$(亚氯酸根,"-ite")→ 亚氯酸(chlorous acid)。HClO$_3$(氯酸根,"-ate")→ 氯酸(chloric acid)。HClO$_4$(高氯酸根)→ 高氯酸(perchloric acid)。含氧越多 = 前缀/后缀级别越高。
Which formula correctly represents iron(II) phosphate? 🇨🇦 SCH3U B2.7 / AB Chem 20 GO1哪个化学式正确表示磷酸铁(II)(iron(II) phosphate)?🇨🇦 SCH3U B2.7 / AB Chem 20 GO1
Q5
Fe$_3$(PO$_4$)$_2$Fe$_3$(PO$_4$)$_2$
Fe$_2$(PO$_4$)$_3$Fe$_2$(PO$_4$)$_3$
Fe$_3$(PO$_4$)$_2$Fe$_3$(PO$_4$)$_2$
Fe$_2$PO$_4$Fe$_2$PO$_4$
FePO$_4$FePO$_4$
iron(II) = Fe$^{2+}$; phosphate = PO$_4^{3-}$. Criss-cross: Fe gets subscript 3, PO$_4$ gets subscript 2. Fe$_3$(PO$_4$)$_2$. Check: $3(+2)+2(-3)=+6-6=0$ ✓. (FePO$_4$ would be iron(III) phosphate.)iron(II)(铁(II))= Fe$^{2+}$;phosphate(磷酸根)= PO$_4^{3-}$。交叉法:Fe 得下标 3,PO$_4$ 得下标 2。Fe$_3$(PO$_4$)$_2$。验证:$3(+2)+2(-3)=+6-6=0$ ✓。(FePO$_4$ 是磷酸铁(III)。)
iron(II) = Fe$^{2+}$ (charge +2); phosphate = PO$_4^{3-}$ (charge −3). Criss-cross: Fe subscript = |3| = 3; PO$_4$ subscript = |2| = 2. Result: Fe$_3$(PO$_4$)$_2$. Always verify by charge balance.iron(II)(铁(II))= Fe$^{2+}$(电荷 +2);phosphate(磷酸根)= PO$_4^{3-}$(电荷 −3)。交叉法:Fe 下标 = |3| = 3;PO$_4$ 下标 = |2| = 2。结果:Fe$_3$(PO$_4$)$_2$。始终通过电荷平衡验证。
Which substance is commonly called "quicklime"?哪种物质俗称"生石灰"(quicklime)?
Q6
CaO (calcium oxide)CaO(氧化钙)
Ca(OH)$_2$ (calcium hydroxide)Ca(OH)$_2$(氢氧化钙)
CaCO$_3$ (calcium carbonate)CaCO$_3$(碳酸钙)
CaSO$_4$ (calcium sulfate)CaSO$_4$(硫酸钙)
CaO = quicklime. When CaO reacts with water: CaO + H$_2$O → Ca(OH)$_2$. CaCO$_3$ is limestone. CaSO$_4 \cdot 2$H$_2$O is gypsum. These trivial names are widely used in industry and on exams.CaO = 生石灰(quicklime)。CaO 与水反应:CaO + H$_2$O → Ca(OH)$_2$(熟石灰,slaked lime)。CaCO$_3$ 是石灰石。CaSO$_4 \cdot 2$H$_2$O 是石膏。这些俗名在工业和考试中广泛使用。
Quicklime is CaO (calcium oxide) — the product of heating limestone (CaCO$_3$). Adding water to CaO gives slaked lime Ca(OH)$_2$. These are distinct compounds; knowing their common names is expected in all four curricula.生石灰是 CaO(氧化钙)——加热石灰石(CaCO$_3$)的产物。向 CaO 中加水得熟石灰 Ca(OH)$_2$。这些是不同的化合物;四套大纲都要求知道它们的俗名。
What is the IUPAC name of CuSO$_4 \cdot 5$H$_2$O? 🇨🇦 SCH3U B2.7 / BC Chemistry 11CuSO$_4 \cdot 5$H$_2$O 的 IUPAC 名称是什么?🇨🇦 SCH3U B2.7 / BC Chemistry 11
Q7
copper sulfate pentahydratecopper sulfate pentahydrate
copper(I) sulfate pentahydratecopper(I) sulfate pentahydrate
copper(II) sulfate hydratecopper(II) sulfate hydrate
copper(II) sulfate pentahydratecopper(II) sulfate pentahydrate(五水合硫酸铜(II))
CuSO$_4$: Cu is transition metal; SO$_4^{2-}$ has −2 charge; one Cu must be +2 → Cu(II) → copper(II) sulfate. 5H$_2$O → "penta-" + "hydrate" = pentahydrate. Full name: copper(II) sulfate pentahydrate. Common name: blue vitriol.CuSO$_4$:Cu 是过渡金属;SO$_4^{2-}$ 电荷 −2;一个 Cu 必须为 +2 → Cu(II) → copper(II) sulfate(硫酸铜(II))。5H$_2$O → "penta-" + "hydrate" = pentahydrate(五水合)。全称:copper(II) sulfate pentahydrate(五水合硫酸铜(II))。俗名:蓝矾(blue vitriol)。
Cu is a transition metal, so the Roman numeral is required. SO$_4^{2-}$ forces Cu to be +2. The 5 water molecules need the Greek prefix "penta-," giving "pentahydrate" — just "hydrate" is incomplete without the number prefix.Cu 是过渡金属,必须加罗马数字。SO$_4^{2-}$ 使 Cu 必须为 +2。5 个水分子需要希腊语前缀"penta-",给出"pentahydrate"(五水合)——仅写"hydrate"不含数字前缀是不完整的。
Which of the following is the correct formula for chromium(III) carbonate? 🇨🇦 SCH3U B2.7哪个化学式正确表示碳酸铬(III)(chromium(III) carbonate)?🇨🇦 SCH3U B2.7
Q8
CrCO$_3$CrCO$_3$
Cr$_2$(CO$_3$)$_3$Cr$_2$(CO$_3$)$_3$
Cr$_2$(CO$_3$)$_3$Cr$_2$(CO$_3$)$_3$
Cr$_3$(CO$_3$)$_2$Cr$_3$(CO$_3$)$_2$
Cr(III) = Cr$^{3+}$ (charge +3); carbonate = CO$_3^{2-}$ (charge −2). Criss-cross: Cr subscript = |2| = 2; CO$_3$ subscript = |3| = 3. Formula: Cr$_2$(CO$_3$)$_3$. Check: $2(+3) + 3(-2) = +6-6 = 0$ ✓.Cr(III) = Cr$^{3+}$(电荷 +3);carbonate(碳酸根)= CO$_3^{2-}$(电荷 −2)。交叉法:Cr 下标 = |2| = 2;CO$_3$ 下标 = |3| = 3。化学式:Cr$_2$(CO$_3$)$_3$。验证:$2(+3) + 3(-2) = +6-6 = 0$ ✓。
chromium(III) means Cr$^{3+}$; carbonate is CO$_3^{2-}$. Criss-cross swaps the charge magnitudes as subscripts: Cr gets 2, CO$_3$ gets 3. The polyatomic CO$_3$ must be in parentheses: Cr$_2$(CO$_3$)$_3$.chromium(III)(铬(III))表示 Cr$^{3+}$;carbonate(碳酸根)是 CO$_3^{2-}$。交叉法将电荷大小互换为下标:Cr 得 2,CO$_3$ 得 3。多原子离子 CO$_3$ 必须放在括号中:Cr$_2$(CO$_3$)$_3$。
How do you distinguish between "sulfuric acid" and "sulfurous acid"? 🇨🇦 SCH3U E3.5 / AB Chem 20 GO2如何区分"硫酸"(sulfuric acid)和"亚硫酸"(sulfurous acid)?🇨🇦 SCH3U E3.5 / AB Chem 20 GO2
Q9
Sulfuric acid is weaker than sulfurous acid硫酸比亚硫酸弱
Sulfuric acid (H$_2$SO$_4$) contains more oxygens than sulfurous acid (H$_2$SO$_3$); "-ic" corresponds to the "-ate" anion (sulfate), "-ous" to the "-ite" anion (sulfite)硫酸(H$_2$SO$_4$)比亚硫酸(H$_2$SO$_3$)含更多氧;"-ic"对应"-ate"阴离子(硫酸根),"-ous"对应"-ite"阴离子(亚硫酸根)
Sulfurous acid has more hydrogen atoms亚硫酸含更多氢原子
They are the same compound with different trivial names它们是相同的化合物,只是俗名不同
H$_2$SO$_4$ = sulfuric acid (from sulfate, SO$_4^{2-}$, "-ate" → "-ic"). H$_2$SO$_3$ = sulfurous acid (from sulfite, SO$_3^{2-}$, "-ite" → "-ous"). The "-ic"⁄"-ous" distinction tracks the oxygen count: more oxygen = "-ic acid"; fewer = "-ous acid."H$_2$SO$_4$ = 硫酸(sulfuric acid,来自硫酸根 SO$_4^{2-}$,"-ate" → "-ic")。H$_2$SO$_3$ = 亚硫酸(sulfurous acid,来自亚硫酸根 SO$_3^{2-}$,"-ite" → "-ous")。"-ic"/"-ous"的区别追踪氧的数量:氧更多 = "-ic acid";氧更少 = "-ous acid"。
Both are diprotic acids with 2 hydrogens. The difference is the number of oxygens (4 vs 3) and the anion type (sulfate vs sulfite). The suffix "-ic" always corresponds to the "-ate" anion; "-ous" always corresponds to the "-ite" anion.两者都是含 2 个氢的二元酸。区别在于氧的数量(4 个对 3 个)和阴离子类型(硫酸根对亚硫酸根)。后缀"-ic"始终对应"-ate"阴离子;"-ous"始终对应"-ite"阴离子。
Which of the following pairs is an ionic compound correctly named? 🇺🇸 NGSS HS-PS1-2 / 🇨🇦 SCH3U C2.2以下哪对是正确命名的离子化合物?🇺🇸 NGSS HS-PS1-2 / 🇨🇦 SCH3U C2.2
Q10
K$_2$Cr$_2$O$_7$ → potassium dichromateK$_2$Cr$_2$O$_7$ → potassium dichromate(重铬酸钾)
CO$_2$ → carbon(IV) oxideCO$_2$ → carbon(IV) oxide(氧化碳(IV))
FeCl$_3$ → iron chlorideFeCl$_3$ → iron chloride(氯化铁)
NaCl → sodium(I) chlorideNaCl → sodium(I) chloride(氯化钠(I))
K$_2$Cr$_2$O$_7$ contains K$^+$ (Group 1, no Roman numeral) and Cr$_2$O$_7^{2-}$ (dichromate, a polyatomic ion). Name: potassium dichromate. CO$_2$ is molecular (use prefixes); FeCl$_3$ needs "iron(III)" not just "iron"; NaCl is "sodium chloride" (Na is main-group, no Roman numeral).K$_2$Cr$_2$O$_7$ 含 K$^+$(第 1 族,无需罗马数字)和 Cr$_2$O$_7^{2-}$(重铬酸根,多原子离子)。名称:potassium dichromate(重铬酸钾)。CO$_2$ 是共价化合物(用前缀);FeCl$_3$ 需要"iron(III)"而非仅"iron";NaCl 是"sodium chloride"(Na 是主族,无需罗马数字)。
CO$_2$ is molecular (C and O both non-metals) — use prefix naming: carbon dioxide. FeCl$_3$ needs iron(III) since Fe has variable charge. NaCl is sodium chloride (no Roman numeral since Na always forms Na$^+$). K$_2$Cr$_2$O$_7$ is potassium dichromate — this is the only correct pair.CO$_2$ 是共价化合物(C 和 O 都是非金属)——用前缀命名:carbon dioxide(二氧化碳)。FeCl$_3$ 需要 iron(III),因为 Fe 电荷可变。NaCl 是 sodium chloride(无需罗马数字,因为 Na 始终形成 Na$^+$)。K$_2$Cr$_2$O$_7$ 是 potassium dichromate(重铬酸钾)——这是唯一正确的一对。

Readiness Checklist准备就绪清单

Tick each item when you can do it cold, without notes, on a first attempt.能在无笔记、首次尝试下完成,再勾选每一项。

0 / 11 mastered已掌握 0 / 11

What This Feeds Into本单元的去向

Nomenclature is the language of chemistry. Every unit that follows — chemical reactions and equations, stoichiometry, solutions, acids and bases, organic chemistry — depends on your ability to read a compound name and write the correct formula, and vice versa. Without fluent naming, you cannot write a balanced equation, read a lab data sheet, or interpret a question. The cross-references below point at the college-credit feeder where nomenclature is assumed, and the next High School Chemistry units that build directly on this foundation.命名法是化学的语言。后续每一个单元——化学反应与方程式、化学计量学、溶液、酸碱、有机化学——都依赖于你阅读化合物名称并写出正确化学式的能力,反之亦然。没有流利的命名能力,你就无法书写平衡方程式、阅读实验数据表或解读试题。以下链接指向假设已掌握命名法的大学学分衔接课程,以及直接建立在本基础上的后续高中化学单元。

Within High School Chemistry.在 HS Chemistry 内部。

The Mole and Stoichiometry (Unit 5) requires you to read formulae to determine molar masses and write balanced equations by name. Chemical Reactions and Equations (Unit 6) names every product and reactant — ionic, molecular, and acid. Solutions and Solubility (Unit 8) uses ionic compound names in dissociation equations. Acids, Bases and pH (Unit 9) builds directly on the acid-naming system from §5 of this guide.摩尔与化学计量学(第 5 单元)要求你阅读化学式以确定摩尔质量并按名称书写平衡方程式。化学反应与方程式(第 6 单元)命名每一个产物和反应物——离子的、共价的和酸的。溶液与溶解度(第 8 单元)在解离方程式中使用离子化合物名称。酸碱与 pH(第 9 单元)直接建立在本指南 §5 的酸命名体系之上。

College-credit feeder and cross-subject link.大学学分衔接与跨学科链接。

IB Chemistry HL · Structure 2: Bonding and Structure (the college-credit feeder — IB assumes full IUPAC ionic and molecular naming from day one; Structure 2 extends into Lewis structures, VSEPR, and bond polarity)IB Chemistry HL · Structure 2:化学键与结构(大学学分衔接——IB 第一天就默认完整掌握 IUPAC 离子和分子命名;Structure 2 延伸至路易斯结构、VSEPR 和键极性)

IB Chemistry HL and AP Chemistry both assume fluent IUPAC naming from the first week. IB Structure 2 requires you to write Lewis structures and name molecules using precisely the ionic and molecular compound formulae built in §6 of this guide. AP Chemistry Unit 1 uses compound names throughout stoichiometry and periodicity. Ontario SCH4U B2.2 (organic IUPAC) and Alberta Chemistry 30 Unit C (organic naming) are direct extensions of the naming foundation here — the Greek-prefix and functional-group patterns in organic chemistry are the same system scaled to carbon chains.IB Chemistry HL 和 AP Chemistry 从第一周就默认你流利掌握 IUPAC 命名法。IB Structure 2 要求你书写路易斯结构,并使用本指南 §6 中构建的精确离子和分子化合物化学式命名分子。AP Chemistry Unit 1 在化学计量学和周期性中全程使用化合物名称。安大略 SCH4U B2.2(有机 IUPAC)和阿尔伯塔 Chemistry 30 C 单元(有机命名)是本命名基础的直接延伸——有机化学中的希腊前缀和官能团规律与这里的体系相同,只是延伸到了碳链。