PART I · SHORT RESPONSE第一部分 · 短答题AP-style MCQ + ON/BC short answer · 25 marksAP 风格选择题 + 安/卑省考短答 · 共 25 分
Section A · Short ResponseA 部分 · 短答题
Mix of multiple-choice and short-answer items. For MCQs, circle the letter; show enough reasoning in the margin for a marker to verify. For short-answer items, use precise biological terminology. No calculator required for Part I.本节包含选择题与短答题。选择题请圈出字母答案，并在空白处写下足以让阅卷人核对的推理过程。短答题请使用准确的生物学术语。第一部分无需使用计算器。
Q1EASY易🇺🇸 US美AP-style MCQAP 风格选择题§1 ATP and EnergyATP 与能量 · HS-LS1-7[3 marks][3 分]
Which of the following correctly describes what is released when one molecule of ATP is hydrolyzed inside a cell?下列哪项正确描述了细胞内一个 ATP 分子水解时释放的物质？
(A)AMP and two inorganic phosphate groupsAMP 和两个无机磷酸基团
(B)Glucose and oxygen葡萄糖和氧气
(C)ADP, one inorganic phosphate ($\text{P}_i$), and energyADP、一个无机磷酸（$\text{P}_i$）和能量
An enzyme is placed in a solution at 80 °C. After 10 minutes, its reaction rate drops to nearly zero even though substrate is still present. What best explains this observation?将一种酶置于 80 °C 的溶液中。10 分钟后，即使底物仍然存在，其反应速率也降至接近零。对此最合理的解释是什么？
(A)The enzyme has been competitively inhibited by a product molecule该酶被产物分子竞争性抑制
(B)The high temperature has denatured the enzyme, destroying its active site高温使酶变性，破坏了其活性位点
(C)The substrate concentration has exceeded $V_{max}$底物浓度超过了 $V_{max}$
(D)The pH has become too acidic for the enzyme to functionpH 变得过酸，酶无法发挥功能
Aerobic cellular respiration in a eukaryotic cell occurs in three stages.真核细胞中的有氧细胞呼吸分三个阶段进行。
(a)Name the three stages of aerobic respiration in order and state the location (organelle or region) where each occurs.按顺序命名有氧呼吸的三个阶段，并说明每个阶段发生的位置（细胞器或区域）。[3]
(b)Write the balanced overall summary equation for aerobic cellular respiration.写出有氧细胞呼吸的平衡总方程式。[1]
(c)State whether oxygen is a reactant, a product, or neither in aerobic respiration, and identify the stage at which it is consumed.说明氧气在有氧呼吸中是反应物、产物还是两者都不是，并确定消耗氧气的阶段。[1]
Q4MEDIUM中🇨🇦 BC卑BC Provincial-style卑诗省考风格§4 Anaerobic Respiration and Fermentation无氧呼吸与发酵 · Life Sciences 11[6 marks][6 分]
A student bakes bread using yeast. She notices that the dough rises before baking but the loaf does not taste alcoholic after baking.一名学生用酵母烤面包。她注意到面团在烘焙前会膨胀，但烤好的面包没有酒精味道。
(a)Identify the type of fermentation occurring in the dough and name the two products of this process (other than ATP).确定面团中发生的发酵类型，并命名此过程（除 ATP 外）的两种产物。[2]
(b)Explain why the dough rises. Use the term "carbon dioxide" in your answer.解释面团为何膨胀。答案中须使用"二氧化碳"一词。[1]
(c)Explain why the finished loaf does not taste alcoholic, referring to what happens to ethanol during baking.结合乙醇在烘焙过程中的变化，解释为何成品面包没有酒精味道。[1]
(d)Compare the ATP yield of ethanol fermentation to aerobic respiration for the same amount of glucose. State a reason why the yields differ so dramatically.比较相同量葡萄糖经乙醇发酵与有氧呼吸所得的 ATP 产量。说明产量差异如此巨大的原因。[2]
Which of the following correctly identifies the source of the oxygen ($O_2$) released during photosynthesis?下列哪项正确指出了光合作用中释放的氧气（$O_2$）的来源？
(A)$CO_2$ molecules that enter the leaf through stomata and are split by light通过气孔进入叶片后被光分解的 $CO_2$ 分子
(B)Water molecules ($H_2O$) split during the light reactions (photolysis)光反应（光解）期间分解的水分子（$H_2O$）
(C)Glucose molecules broken down by the Calvin cycle卡尔文循环分解的葡萄糖分子
(D)ATP molecules that release oxygen when hydrolyzed水解时释放氧气的 ATP 分子
PART II · EXTENDED RESPONSE第二部分 · 简答题AP-feeder FRQ + honors · 32 marksAP 衔接简答题 + 荣誉级 · 共 32 分
Section B · Extended ResponseB 部分 · 简答题
Show every step of your reasoning. Use precise biological vocabulary. Write balanced equations where requested. State units where applicable. Calculator permitted on Q6-Q9.写出每一步推理。使用准确的生物学词汇。如有要求，写出平衡方程式。在适用处写出单位。Q6-Q9 可用计算器。
Q6MEDIUM中🇺🇸 US美AP-feeder FRQAP 衔接简答题§1 + §3 ATP role and aerobic respiration overviewATP 作用与有氧呼吸概述 · HS-LS1-7[8 marks][8 分]
A biology student claims: "Cells store large amounts of ATP the way a battery stores charge, drawing on that reserve whenever they need energy." Evaluate this claim and explain the true role of ATP in cell metabolism.一名生物学生声称："细胞像电池储存电荷一样大量储存 ATP，并在需要能量时从该储备中提取。"评价这一说法，并解释 ATP 在细胞代谢中的真实作用。
(a)Identify whether the student's claim is correct or incorrect and justify your answer with reference to the half-life of ATP in a cell.判断该学生的说法是否正确，并结合 ATP 在细胞中的半衰期说明理由。[2]
(b)Describe two cellular processes that consume ATP, and name the process that regenerates ADP back to ATP in aerobic conditions.描述两种消耗 ATP 的细胞过程，并命名有氧条件下将 ADP 重新合成为 ATP 的过程。[3]
(c)Explain why glucose, not ATP, is the long-term energy storage molecule in cells. Include reference to where the chemical energy in glucose is ultimately transferred.解释为何葡萄糖而非 ATP 是细胞中的长期能量储存分子。包括说明葡萄糖中的化学能最终转移到何处。[3]
During an 800-metre race, an athlete's muscle cells initially use aerobic respiration but switch to lactic acid fermentation as the race intensifies.在一场 800 米比赛中，运动员的肌肉细胞起初进行有氧呼吸，但随着比赛强度增大，转向乳酸发酵。
(a)Explain, in terms of oxygen availability, why muscle cells switch from aerobic respiration to lactic acid fermentation during intense exercise.从氧气供应的角度，解释肌肉细胞在剧烈运动时为何从有氧呼吸转向乳酸发酵。[2]
(b)Compare the net ATP yield per glucose molecule for aerobic respiration (~30-32 ATP) versus lactic acid fermentation (2 ATP). Explain the metabolic reason for this large difference.比较每分子葡萄糖在有氧呼吸（约 30-32 个 ATP）与乳酸发酵（2 个 ATP）中的净 ATP 产量。解释造成这一巨大差异的代谢原因。[3]
(c)Lactic acid fermentation regenerates $NAD^+$ from NADH. Explain why this regeneration is essential for glycolysis to continue producing ATP under anaerobic conditions.乳酸发酵将 NADH 重新氧化为 $NAD^+$。解释为何这种再生对于糖酵解在无氧条件下持续产生 ATP 至关重要。[3]
Q8HARD难🇨🇦 AB阿AB Diploma-style阿尔伯塔毕业考风格§5 + §6 Photosynthesis light reactions and Calvin cycle光合作用光反应与卡尔文循环 · Biology 20 Unit C GO1[8 marks][8 分]
A plant leaf is illuminated with bright white light and provided with $CO_2$ and water.一片植物叶片被强白光照射，并提供 $CO_2$ 和水。
(a)Write the balanced overall summary equation for photosynthesis, clearly labelling which reactants and which products are used by or produced in each of the two stages (light reactions and Calvin cycle).写出光合作用的平衡总方程式，并清晰标注哪些反应物和产物分别由两个阶段（光反应和卡尔文循环）使用或产生。[3]
(b)Explain the role of ATP and NADPH produced in the light reactions. State the location within the chloroplast where these molecules are used.解释光反应产生的 ATP 和 NADPH 的作用。说明这些分子在叶绿体中被使用的位置。[3]
(c)Identify the source of the oxygen released by a plant during photosynthesis. Explain why this is a surprising fact for students who assume the oxygen comes from $CO_2$.指出植物在光合作用中释放的氧气的来源。解释为何这一事实令认为氧气来自 $CO_2$ 的学生感到惊讶。[2]
Chemiosmosis is the mechanism by which both aerobic respiration and photosynthesis produce most of their ATP. A student claims the two processes are essentially "mirror images" of each other.化学渗透是有氧呼吸和光合作用产生大部分 ATP 的机制。一名学生声称这两个过程本质上是彼此的"镜像"。
(a)Describe chemiosmosis as it occurs in the mitochondrion during aerobic respiration. Your answer must name the electron donors (NADH and FADH$_2$), the direction protons are pumped, the structure through which they flow back, and the ATP-synthesizing enzyme.描述有氧呼吸期间线粒体中发生的化学渗透。答案须命名电子供体（NADH 和 FADH$_2$）、质子被泵送的方向、质子流回的结构，以及合成 ATP 的酶。[4]
(b)Evaluate the student's "mirror image" claim by identifying two ways in which photosynthesis and aerobic respiration are genuinely complementary, and one key way they differ in terms of energy flow.通过指出光合作用与有氧呼吸真正互补的两种方式，以及它们在能量流动方面的一个关键差异，评价该学生的"镜像"说法。[4]
PART III · MODELING / APPLIED第三部分 · 建模与应用AB Diploma + Universal · 25 marks阿省毕业考 + 通用题型 · 共 25 分
Section C · Modeling and ApplicationsC 部分 · 建模与应用
Read each scenario carefully. Use complete sentences when asked to explain. Reference specific biological structures or processes by name. Conclude each question with a one-sentence answer in context. Calculator permitted throughout Part III.仔细阅读每个情境。如要求解释，请使用完整句子。用具体名称指代生物结构或过程。每题以一句结合情境的完整句子作答。第三部分全程可用计算器。
Q10MEDIUM中🇨🇦 AB阿AB Diploma-style阿尔伯塔毕业考风格§2 + §3 Enzyme inhibition and metabolic disruption酶抑制与代谢干扰 · Biology 20 C GO2[8 marks][8 分]
Cyanide is a toxin that binds irreversibly to the final protein complex of the electron transport chain in the mitochondrion, preventing oxygen from accepting electrons.氰化物是一种毒素，它与线粒体电子传递链最终蛋白复合体不可逆地结合，阻止氧气接受电子。
(a)Classify cyanide as a competitive or non-competitive inhibitor. Justify your classification.将氰化物分类为竞争性抑制剂或非竞争性抑制剂。说明分类理由。[2]
(b)Explain what happens to the proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane when cyanide blocks the electron transport chain. Why does ATP synthesis stop?解释氰化物阻断电子传递链后，线粒体内膜两侧质子梯度发生什么变化。为什么 ATP 合成停止？[3]
(c)A cell poisoned by cyanide can still produce a small amount of ATP for a brief period. Identify the metabolic pathway responsible and explain why it eventually also fails.被氰化物毒害的细胞在短时间内仍能产生少量 ATP。确定负责此过程的代谢途径，并解释为何该途径最终也会停止。[3]
A potted green plant is placed in a sealed transparent container. Sensors measure $O_2$ and $CO_2$ concentrations over 24 hours: 12 hours of bright light followed by 12 hours of complete darkness.一盆绿色植物被置于密封透明容器中。传感器测量 24 小时内 $O_2$ 和 $CO_2$ 的浓度：12 小时强光照射，随后 12 小时完全黑暗。
(a)During the 12-hour light period, sensors show that $O_2$ rises and $CO_2$ falls. Explain which biological processes are responsible, and identify the net direction of each gas over this light period.在 12 小时光照期间，传感器显示 $O_2$ 上升、$CO_2$ 下降。解释哪些生物过程负责此变化，并确定光照期间每种气体的净变化方向。[4]
(b)During the 12-hour dark period, sensors show that $O_2$ falls and $CO_2$ rises. Explain why, naming the specific process and organelle responsible.在 12 小时黑暗期间，传感器显示 $O_2$ 下降、$CO_2$ 上升。解释原因，命名负责的具体过程和细胞器。[2]
(c)A classmate claims: "Plants only photosynthesize; they do not respire." Evaluate this claim using evidence from the dark-period data described above.一位同学声称："植物只进行光合作用，不进行细胞呼吸。"用上述黑暗期数据评价这一说法。[3]
Scientists studying a wetland ecosystem observe that submerged aquatic plants produce oxygen bubbles during the day but none at night. Meanwhile, bacteria living in the oxygen-depleted sediment at the bottom continue to survive by producing ethanol.研究湿地生态系统的科学家观察到，沉水植物白天产生氧气气泡，夜间则没有。与此同时，生活在底部缺氧沉积物中的细菌通过产生乙醇继续存活。
(a)Write the balanced summary equation for photosynthesis and identify which atoms in the $O_2$ bubbles originated from $H_2O$ and not from $CO_2$. Explain the evidence that confirms this.写出光合作用的平衡总方程式，并确认 $O_2$ 气泡中的氧原子来自 $H_2O$ 而非 $CO_2$。解释确认这一点的证据。[3]
(b)Explain why the aquatic plants produce no oxygen bubbles at night, even though they still have chloroplasts. Name the specific stage of photosynthesis that is halted and the immediate consequence for the Calvin cycle.解释为何沉水植物夜间不产生氧气气泡，即使它们仍有叶绿体。命名停止的光合作用阶段，以及对卡尔文循环的直接影响。[3]
(c)The bacteria in the sediment use ethanol fermentation. Identify the starting molecule for this process and explain how this metabolic strategy allows the bacteria to generate ATP without oxygen. State one limitation of this strategy compared to aerobic respiration.沉积物中的细菌进行乙醇发酵。确认此过程的起始分子，并解释这一代谢策略如何使细菌在无氧条件下产生 ATP。与有氧呼吸相比，说明该策略的一个局限性。[2]
🇺🇸 US NGSS美国 NGSSHS-LS1-5HS-LS1-7HS-LS2-3
🇨🇦 Ontario安大略SBI4U C2.1 · C3.1 · C3.2
🇨🇦 British Columbia不列颠哥伦比亚Life Sciences 11: energy transformations in cells (respiration, photosynthesis, aerobic/anaerobic)Life Sciences 11：细胞中的能量转化（呼吸、光合、有氧/无氧）
🇨🇦 Alberta阿尔伯塔Biology 20 Unit C GO1 · GO2 · 20-C2.1k · 20-C2.3k
Full Syllabus Map in ../Study Guides/Unit_3_Cellular_Energetics.html. Note: NGSS and BC Life Sciences 11 assess conceptual-level knowledge only (overall equations, organelle locations); pathway intermediates are Honors (SBI4U). Alberta Biology 20 names glycolysis, Krebs, and chemiosmosis but explicitly states "detailed knowledge of metabolic intermediates is not required."完整大纲对照表见 ../Study Guides/Unit_3_Cellular_Energetics.html。注：NGSS 与 BC Life Sciences 11 仅考查概念层面（总方程式、细胞器位置）；代谢中间体为荣誉级（SBI4U）。阿尔伯塔 Biology 20 命名了糖酵解、克雷布斯循环与化学渗透，但明确指出"不要求对代谢中间体的详细了解"。